{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T02:49:42Z","timestamp":1782787782335,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology Natural Science Foundation General Program","award":["2024NSFS0726"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFS0726"]}]},{"name":"Joint Innovation Fund of Commission Institutions","award":["WXLH202402009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WXLH202402009"]}]},{"name":"Joint Innovation Fund of Commission Institutions","award":["WXLH202403095"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WXLH202403095"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Provincial Central Administration General Project","award":["2024MS549"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MS549"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Glaucoma is a complex optic neuropathy characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Animal models are crucial tools for deciphering its multidimensional pathogenesis and evaluating novel therapeutic strategies. This review aims to systematically summarize the establishment methods, application advances, and future development trends of various glanimal models. Methods: The literature for this review was identified through systematic searches of electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, and Google Scholar. The search strategy utilized a combination of keywords and their variants: \u201cglaucoma\u201d, \u201canimal models\u201d, \u201cretinal ganglion cells\u201d, \u201cintraocular pressure\u201d, \u201cneuroprotection\u201d, \u201cimmune inflammation\u201d, \u201cfibrosis\u201d, and \u201cfiltration surgery\u201d. The search focused on articles published between 2015 and 2025 to cover the major advances of the last decade. The scope encompassed original research articles, reviews, and meta-analyses. Results: Diverse glanimal models successfully replicate different facets of glaucoma, elucidating multidimensional pathogenesis involving mechanical stress, immune inflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. These models have played an indispensable role in screening neuroprotective agents, evaluating anti-fibrotic strategies, and validating the application of advanced imaging and functional assessment technologies. Current research is evolving towards model standardization, multi-factor simulation, and the integration of novel drug delivery systems and immunomodulatory strategies. Conclusions: The diversification of glanimal models provides a powerful platform for in-depth investigation of disease mechanisms and the development of innovative therapies. Future research should focus on establishing standardized models that better mimic the clinical pathological state and deeply integrating multimodal assessment technologies with targeted therapies. This will facilitate the translation of basic research into clinical applications, ultimately achieving personalized precision medicine for glaucoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020152","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T08:14:23Z","timestamp":1769415263000},"page":"152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Research Advances in Glanimal Models of Glaucoma: Exploring Multidimensional Mechanisms and Novel Therapeutic Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1352-3663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinshen","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2156-0693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaqi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujia","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunhan","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangqu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhao","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rao","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Liu, Y., Zhang, X., Zhang, R., Wang, S., Lu, H., and Yue, T. (2025). Efficacy and safety of stem cells in the treatment of glaucoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis based on animal experiments. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1587440"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ORSF5","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.13-12789","article-title":"The prevalence of age-related eye diseases and visual impairment in aging: Current estimates","volume":"54","author":"Klein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1177\/11206721251340435","article-title":"Medical and surgical treatment management in open angle glaucoma patients of Asian descent: A narrative review","volume":"35","author":"Belamkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1080\/09286586.2018.1521981","article-title":"Registered blindness in Kuwait\u201415 years of dynamic changes","volume":"26","author":"Pandova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.10.12","article-title":"Impact of intraocular pressure fluctuations on progression of normal tension glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Hopf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Sun, M., Feng, Y., Prokosch, V., Cui, H., and Liu, H. (2024). Cytokine Profiling in Aqueous Humor of Glaucoma Patients and in Retinas from an Ex Vivo Glaucoma Animal Model. Front. Biosci., 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2901029"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogla.2020.09.009","article-title":"Comparing Perimetric Loss at Different Target Intraocular Pressures for Patients with High-Tension and Normal-Tension Glaucoma","volume":"4","author":"DeRoos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2020.05.010","article-title":"Twenty-four\u2013Hour Intraocular Pressure\u2013Related Patterns from Contact Lens Sensors in Normal-Tension Glaucoma and Healthy Eyes","volume":"127","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bjophthalmol-2018-312724","article-title":"Recent advances in genetically modified animal models of glaucoma and their roles in drug repositioning","volume":"103","author":"Harada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.08.017","article-title":"Complement C3-Targeted Gene Therapy Restricts Onset and Progression of Neurodegeneration in Chronic Mouse Glaucoma","volume":"26","author":"Bosco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-4140-8_12","article-title":"Mouse Model of Glucocorticoid-Induced Glaucoma","volume":"2858","author":"Maddineni","year":"2025","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.272578","article-title":"Role of animal models in glaucoma research","volume":"15","author":"Kimura","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsai, T., Reinehr, S., Deppe, L., Strubbe, A., Kluge, N., Dick, H.B., and Joachim, S.C. (2024). Glaucoma Animal Models beyond Chronic IOP Increase. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25020906"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"6955461","article-title":"Animal Model Contributions to Primary Congenital Glaucoma","volume":"2022","author":"Xia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.2.30","article-title":"HL3501, a Novel Selective A3 Adenosine Receptor Antagonist, Lowers Intraocular Pressure (IOP) in Animal Glaucoma Models","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-025-04372-4","article-title":"Intraocular pressure-lowering effects of selective laser trabeculoplasty for normal tension glaucoma patients in Chinese","volume":"40","author":"Xuejiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000001768","article-title":"Fluctuation in Blood Pressure and Intraocular Pressure in Normal Tension Glaucoma Using Ambulatory Monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_861_21","article-title":"Significance of non-intraocular pressure (IOP)-related factors particularly in normal tension glaucoma: Looking beyond IOP","volume":"70","author":"Dinakaran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002071","article-title":"Twenty-Four-Hour Intraocular Pressure Indicators Distinguish Normal Tension Glaucoma From Healthy Eyes Measured With a Contact Lens Sensor","volume":"31","author":"Tojo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiedorowicz, M., Choragiewicz, T., Turski, W.A., Kocki, T., Nowakowska, D., Wertejuk, K., Kami\u0144ska, A., Avitabile, T., We\u0142niak-Kaminska, M., and Grieb, P. (2021). Tryptophan Pathway Abnormalities in a Murine Model of Hereditary Glaucoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22031039"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2024.08.019","article-title":"Congenital microcoria deletion in mouse links Sox21 dysregulation to disease and suggests a role for TGFB2 in glaucoma and myopia","volume":"111","author":"Erjavec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tirendi, S., Sacc\u00e0, S.C., Vernazza, S., Traverso, C., Bassi, A.M., and Izzotti, A. (2020). A 3D Model of Human Trabecular Meshwork for the Research Study of Glaucoma. Front. Neurol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.591776"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, E.Y.-C., Liu, P.-K., Wen, Y.-T., Quinn, P.M.J., Levi, S.R., Wang, N.-K., and Tsai, R.-K. (2021). Role of Oxidative Stress in Ocular Diseases Associated with Retinal Ganglion Cells Degeneration. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121948"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2025.107638","article-title":"From bench to bedside: Developing CRISPR\/Cas-based therapy for ocular diseases","volume":"213","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.32607\/actanaturae.25454","article-title":"The Potential and Application of iPSCs in Gene and Cell Therapy for Retinopathies and Optic Neuropathies","volume":"15","author":"Lapshin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4931","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29822","article-title":"Retinal proteomics of experimental glaucoma model reveal intraocular pressure-induced mediators of neurodegenerative changes","volume":"121","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22880","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-02057-w","article-title":"An inducible rodent glaucoma model that exhibits gradual sustained increase in intraocular pressure with distinct inner retina and optic nerve inflammation","volume":"11","author":"Mathew","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109736","article-title":"Influence of sex on chronic steroid-induced glaucoma: 24-Weeks follow-up study in rats","volume":"238","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Dumitrescu, A.V., Wadkins, D., Elwood, B.W., Gramlich, O.W., and Kuehn, M.H. (2022). Systemic Treatment with Pioglitazone Reverses Vision Loss in Preclinical Glaucoma Models. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12020281"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10187","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2021.2001217","article-title":"Baicalin suppresses glaucoma pathogenesis by regulating the PI3K\/AKT signaling in vitro and in vivo","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20622","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-24954-4","article-title":"Tunable degrees of neurodegeneration in rats based on microsphere-induced models of chronic glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.1.21","article-title":"Retinal Ganglion Cell Degeneration in a Rat Magnetic Bead Model of Ocular Hypertensive Glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Tribble","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.4462","article-title":"Association of Intraocular Pressure with Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Patients with Glaucoma","volume":"140","author":"Nishida","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadk7805","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adk7805","article-title":"Real-time in vivo monitoring of intraocular pressure distribution in the anterior chamber and vitreous chamber for diagnosis of glaucoma","volume":"10","author":"Seo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-020-03240-7","article-title":"Preservation of optic nerve structure by complement inhibition in experimental glaucoma","volume":"382","author":"Gassel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reinehr, S., Safaei, A., Grotegut, P., Guntermann, A., Tsai, T., Hahn, S.A., K\u00f6sters, S., Theiss, C., Marcus, K., and Dick, H.B. (2022). Heat Shock Protein Upregulation Supplemental to Complex mRNA Alterations in Autoimmune Glaucoma. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12101538"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2023.101169","article-title":"Activation of retinal glial cells contributes to the degeneration of ganglion cells in experimental glaucoma","volume":"93","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.14.18","article-title":"T and B Lymphocyte Deficiency in Rag1\u2212\/\u2212Mice Reduces Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in Experimental Glaucoma","volume":"61","author":"Gramlich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Chen, Y., and Chen, D. (2022). The heterogeneity of astrocytes in glaucoma. Front. Neuroanat., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnana.2022.995369"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02626-4","article-title":"GSK872 and necrostatin-1 protect retinal ganglion cells against necroptosis through inhibition of RIP1\/RIP3\/MLKL pathway in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic model of glaucoma","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110352","article-title":"Platelet factor 4 attenuates inflammation of microglia and protects retinal ganglion cells in retinal excitotoxicity","volume":"255","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70281","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202400435R","article-title":"FABP5 regulates ROS-NLRP3 inflammasome in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic glaucomatous model","volume":"39","author":"Zeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.391193","article-title":"p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190 suppresses ferroptosis in the glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxicity glaucoma model","volume":"19","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54075-z","article-title":"Ripa-56 protects retinal ganglion cells in glutamate-induced retinal excitotoxic model of glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, C., An, Y., Xia, Z., Zhou, X., Li, H., Song, S., Ding, L., and Xia, X. (2022). The neuroprotective effect of melatonin in glutamate excitotoxicity of R28 cells and mouse retinal ganglion cells. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.986131"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109271","article-title":"Dephosphorylation of ERK1\/2 and DRP1 S585 regulates mitochondrial dynamics in glutamate toxicity of retinal neurons in vitro","volume":"225","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70284","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70284","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Immune Dynamics in Experimental Retinal Ganglion Cell Injury Models","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoppe, C., and Gregory-Ksander, M. (2024). The Role of Complement Dysregulation in Glaucoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25042307"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.J., Subias, M., Montolio, A., Martinez-Rincon, T., Aragon-Navas, A., Bravo-Osuna, I., Pablo, L.E., Cegonino, J., Herrero-Vanrell, R., and Garcia-Martin, E. (2024). Immune Analysis Using Vitreous Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging in Rats with Steroid-Induced Glaucoma. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030633"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.J., Sub\u00edas, M., Montol\u00edo, A., M\u00e9ndez-Mart\u00ednez, S., Mart\u00ednez-Rinc\u00f3n, T., Arias, L., Garc\u00eda-Herranz, D., Bravo-Osuna, I., Garcia-Feijoo, J., and Pablo, L. (2021). Analysis of Parainflammation in Chronic Glaucoma Using Vitreous-OCT Imaging. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121792"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2022.02.030","article-title":"Inhibition of the NR2B\u2013PSD95 Interaction Exerts Neuroprotective Effects on Retinal Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Injury","volume":"490","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirooka, K., and Kiuchi, Y. (2022). The Retinal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: Implications for Glaucoma. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11040610"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nam, M.-H., Dhillon, A., Nahomi, R.B., Carrillo, N.L., Hougen, C.S., and Nagaraj, R.H. (2024). Peptain-1 blocks ischemia\/reperfusion-induced retinal capillary degeneration in mice. Front. Cell. Neurosci., 18.","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1441924"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.9.22","article-title":"NCX 470 Exerts Retinal Cell Protection and Enhances Ophthalmic Artery Blood Flow After Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury of Optic Nerve Head and Retina","volume":"12","author":"Sgambellone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.56","article-title":"Evaluating the Optic Nerve Crush Model to Understand the Function of Microglia in Glaucoma Neuroprotection","volume":"66","author":"Gu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, Y., Grodzki, L.M., and Bartsch, U. (2025). Survival and Axonal Regeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells in a Mouse Optic Nerve Crush Model After a Cell-Based Intravitreal Co-Administration of Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor and Glial Cell Line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor at Different Post-Lesion Time Points. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14090643"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-04068-x","article-title":"BCLXL gene therapy moderates neuropathology in the DBA\/2J mouse model of inherited glaucoma","volume":"12","author":"Donahue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.6.77","article-title":"Maraviroc Prevents Optic Nerve Injury-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by Modulating the CCL5\/CCR5\/CTSS Axis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108333","article-title":"Ovariectomy worsens visual function after mild optic nerve crush in rodents","volume":"202","author":"Allen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109242","article-title":"Magnolol limits NF\u03baB-dependent inflammation by targeting PPAR\u03b3 relieving retinal ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"112","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22578","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.22578","article-title":"Ceftriaxone pretreatment confers neuroprotection in rats with acute glaucoma and reduces the score of seizures induced by pentylenotetrazole in mice","volume":"34","author":"Fachim","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, X.-M., Li, N., Chen, L.-W., and Sun, C. (2025). A comprehensive and systematic review on resveratrol supplementation as a promising candidate for the retinal disease: A focus on mechanisms of action from preclinical studies. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1615910"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fan Gaskin, J.C., Shah, M.H., and Chan, E.C. (2021). Oxidative Stress and the Role of NADPH Oxidase in Glaucoma. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020238"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, J., Zhuo, Y., and Li, Y. (2021). Effects of Iron and Zinc on Mitochondria: Potential Mechanisms of Glaucomatous Injury. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.720288"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.360277","article-title":"L- and T-type Ca2+ channels dichotomously contribute to retinal ganglion cell injury in experimental glaucoma","volume":"18","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.344831","article-title":"Regulatory mechanisms of retinal ganglion cell death in normal tension glaucoma and potential therapies","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-025-01478-1","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Mediated Interaction Between Microglia and M\u00fcller Cells Exacerbates Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage in Experimental Glaucoma","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Xiu, W., Zhang, G., Gao, Y., Li, A., Long, P., Deng, B., and He, C. (2025). Pro-inflammatory S100A9 contributes to retinal ganglion cell degeneration in glaucoma. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1667097"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-024-01390-7","article-title":"RIP1 inhibition protects retinal ganglion cells in glaucoma models of ocular injury","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202301976","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202301976","article-title":"Vitamin C protects retinal ganglion cells via SPP1 in glaucoma and after optic nerve damage","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00794","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms after optic nerve injury: Neurorepair strategies from a transcriptomic perspective","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4251","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-61160-6","article-title":"Effect of VCP modulators on gene expression profiles of retinal ganglion cells in an acute injury mouse model","volume":"10","author":"Hasegawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddaf011","article-title":"BMP4-GPX4 can improve the ferroptosis phenotype of retinal ganglion cells and enhance their differentiation ability after retinal stem cell transplantation in glaucoma with high intraocular pressure","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2022.2068182","article-title":"Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in Glaucoma: Advances and Caveats","volume":"48","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Johnson, G., Krishnamoorthy, R., Nagaraj, R., and Stankowska, D. (2024). A Neuroprotective Peptide Modulates Retinal cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein (CREB), Synapsin I (SYN1), and Growth-Associated Protein 43 (GAP43) in Rats with Silicone Oil-Induced Ocular Hypertension. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202410.0888.v1"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/cbdd.13862","article-title":"Synthesis and evolution of neuroprotective effects of oxymatrine derivatives as anti-Alzheimer\u2019s disease agents","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Drug Des."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1660","article-title":"Multi-loaded PLGA microspheres as neuroretinal therapy in a chronic glaucoma animal model","volume":"15","author":"Rodrigo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000003387","article-title":"Artificial intelligence-enabled discovery of a RIPK3 inhibitor with neuroprotective effects in an acute glaucoma mouse model","volume":"138","author":"Tu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, K., Yang, N., Yu, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, N., Cao, W., and Xing, Y. (2025). CD3zeta-mediated modulation of TCR signaling: A novel strategy for neuroprotection in retinal ganglion cell degeneration. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1652041"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02011-z","article-title":"Complement peptide C3a receptor 1 promotes optic nerve degeneration in DBA\/2J mice","volume":"17","author":"Harder","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03075-x","article-title":"Pathological high intraocular pressure induces glial cell reactive proliferation contributing to neuroinflammation of the blood-retinal barrier via the NOX2\/ET-1 axis-controlled ERK1\/2 pathway","volume":"21","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, N., Tian, T., Wang, Z., He, X., Cao, W., Zhang, W., Xing, Y., and Yang, N. (2025). ATF3 prevents retinal ganglion cell apoptosis and mitigates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in retinal ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1671204"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, A., Kashyap, O., Singh, A., Shree, J., Namdeo, K.P., and Bodakhe, S.H. (2022). Oxymatrine Protects TGF\u03b21-Induced Retinal Fibrosis in an Animal Model of Glaucoma. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.750342"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2021.108725","article-title":"Forkhead domain inhibitory-6 attenuates subconjunctival fibrosis in rabbit model with trabeculectomy","volume":"210","author":"Lan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108972","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.108972","article-title":"Animal models and drug candidates for use in glaucoma filtration surgery: A systematic review","volume":"217","author":"Wolters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"e61","article-title":"Effects of topical docosahexaenoic acid on postoperative fibrosis in an animal model of glaucoma filtration surgery","volume":"101","author":"Baudin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasvanis, Z., Kong, R.C.K., Shah, M.H., Chan, E.C., and Fan Gaskin, J.C. (2024). 3\u2032,4\u2032-Dihydroxyflavonol Inhibits Fibrotic Response in a Rabbit Model of Glaucoma Filtration Surgery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251910767"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8051","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92273-5","article-title":"AAV-IKV mediated expression of decorin inhibits EMT and fibrosis in a murine model of Glaucoma and AAV-IKV transduction in Non-Human Primates","volume":"15","author":"Rao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.66.12.48","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicle Treatment of Trabecular Meshwork Fibrosis: 2D\/3D In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses","volume":"66","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kasetti, R.B., Maddineni, P., Kodati, B., Nagarajan, B., and Yacoub, S. (2021). Astragaloside IV Attenuates Ocular Hypertension in a Mouse Model of TGF\u03b22 Induced Primary Open Angle Glaucoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212508"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xun, X., Liu, X., Zhou, P., Wu, C., and Peng, Q. (2025). Feasibility analysis of Sinomenine alleviating fibrosis of filtering bleb after glaucoma filtering surgery: A mini review. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1607500"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3563","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01819-7","article-title":"Chitosan-Artesunate nanoparticles: A dual anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory strategy for preventing bleb fibrosis post-glaucoma filtration surgery","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361168","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2024.2361168","article-title":"\u03b3-Cyclodextrin hydrogel for the sustained release of josamycin for potential ocular application","volume":"31","author":"Huling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37884","DOI":"10.1002\/jbm.a.37884","article-title":"Pirfenidone Delivery by Blow-Molded PCL Nanofiber Mat to Reduce Collagen Synthesis by Fibroblasts","volume":"113","author":"Zernic","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.12.3.4","article-title":"Development of a Novel Valve-Controlled Drug-Elutable Microstent for Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery: In Vitro and Preclinical In Vivo Studies","volume":"12","author":"Siewert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.8.29","article-title":"Wound Healing Response After Bleb-Forming Glaucoma Surgery with a SIBS Microshunt in Rabbits","volume":"11","author":"Wolters","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.23","article-title":"Injected Versus Sponge-Applied Mitomycin C (MMC) During Modified Trabeculectomy in New Zealand White Rabbit Model","volume":"9","author":"Swogger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03511-8","article-title":"Effect of recombinant plasmid heat shock protein 47 small interfering ribonucleic acid on the scarring of the filtering channel after filtration surgery in rabbit eyes","volume":"45","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.14485","article-title":"Experimental models of glaucoma filtration surgery","volume":"99","author":"Chong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J., Zhang, Y., Meng, X., and Liu, G. (2023). Application of diffusion tensor imaging technology in glaucoma diagnosis. Front. Neurosci., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1125638"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.10.21","article-title":"Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Visual Pathway Abnormalities in Five Glaucoma Animal Models","volume":"62","author":"Colbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.21037\/qims-23-779","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of optic neuropathies: A narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Cooper","year":"2024","journal-title":"Quant. Imaging Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1002\/jmri.29616","article-title":"Assessing Visual Pathway White Matter Degeneration in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Using Multiple MRI Morphology and Diffusion Metrics","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Magn. Reson. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Xiao, S., Yan, L., Gong, Z., Huang, Y., Tan, W., and Yu, Y. (2025). Diffusion tensor imaging along the perivascular space may reveal potential pathological mechanisms underlying disease progression in primary open-angle glaucoma patients. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1659200"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1111\/vop.12824","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging of the visual pathway in dogs with primary angle-closure glaucoma","volume":"24","author":"Graham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mendoza, M., Shotbolt, M., Faiq, M.A., Parra, C., and Chan, K.C. (2022). Advanced Diffusion MRI of the Visual System in Glaucoma: From Experimental Animal Models to Humans. Biology, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11030454"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munuera, I., Aragon-Navas, A., Villacampa, P., Gonzalez-Cela, M.A., Sub\u00edas, M., Pablo, L.E., Garcia-Feijoo, J., Herrero-Vanrell, R., Garcia-Martin, E., and Bravo-Osuna, I. (2023). Chronic Glaucoma Induced in Rats by a Single Injection of Fibronectin-Loaded PLGA Microspheres: IOP-Dependent and IOP-Independent Neurodegeneration. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010009"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2025.110651","article-title":"Comprehensive characterization of the rat magnetic microbead model using longitudinal monitoring of structural and functional parameters","volume":"261","author":"Paulauskas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szabo, E., Patko, E., Vaczy, A., Molitor, D., Csutak, A., Toth, G., Reglodi, D., and Atlasz, T. (2021). Retinoprotective Effects of PACAP Eye Drops in Microbead-Induced Glaucoma Model in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168825"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dmm050033","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.050033","article-title":"Characterization of a monkey model with experimental retinal damage induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dis. Models Mech."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.9.11.14","article-title":"Probing ON and OFF Retinal Pathways in Glaucoma Using Electroretinography","volume":"9","author":"Kong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2020.108354","article-title":"Corrigendum to Using retinal function to define ischemic exclusion criteria for animal models of glaucoma","volume":"202","author":"Hannon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Exp. Eye. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarossy, M., Stepnicka, K., Sarossy, A., and Wu, Z. (2023, January 24\u201327). Using texture based features from the continuous wavelet transform of the electroretinogram to predict glaucoma *. Proceedings of the 2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC), Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC40787.2023.10341019"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-03421-6","article-title":"Prediction of glaucoma severity using parameters from the electroretinogram","volume":"11","author":"Sarossy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigo, M.J., Garcia-Herranz, D., Subias, M., Martinez-Rinc\u00f3n, T., Mendez-Mart\u00ednez, S., Bravo-Osuna, I., Carretero, A., Ruberte, J., Garcia-Feijoo, J., and Pablo, L.E. (2021). Chronic Glaucoma Using Biodegradable Microspheres to Induce Intraocular Pressure Elevation. Six-Month Follow-Up. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9060682"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2024.137712","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of resveratrol on acute ocular hypertension induced retinal injury through the SIRT1\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"826","author":"Ji","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.10.9.6","article-title":"Retinal Protection by Sustained Nanoparticle Delivery of Oncostatin M and Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor into Rodent Models of Retinal Degeneration","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shiga, Y., Nishida, T., Jeoung, J.W., Di Polo, A., and Fortune, B. (2023). Optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography: Essential tools for detecting glaucoma and disease progression. Front. Ophthalmol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fopht.2023.1217125"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.505395","article-title":"Multifunctional adaptive optics optical coherence tomography allows cellular scale reflectometry, polarimetry, and angiography in the living human eye","volume":"15","author":"Kurokawa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2021.01.015","article-title":"Elucidation of the role of the lamina cribrosa in glaucoma using optical coherence tomography","volume":"67","author":"Andrade","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.61.3.27","article-title":"In Vivo Measurements of Prelamina and Lamina Cribrosa Biomechanical Properties in Humans","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.63.1.10","article-title":"Longitudinal In Vivo Changes in Radial Peripapillary Capillaries and Optic Nerve Head Structure in Non-Human Primates with Early Experimental Glaucoma","volume":"63","author":"Musial","year":"2022","journal-title":"Investig. Opthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6167","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2025.3550394","article-title":"Spatial-Aware Transformer-GRU Framework for Enhanced Glaucoma Diagnosis From 3D OCT Imaging","volume":"29","author":"Masip","year":"2025","journal-title":"IEEE J. Biomed. Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2024.05.032","article-title":"Can Baseline Parapapillary Atrophy Morphology Predict Future Glaucoma Progression?\u2014An OCT Glaucoma Imaging Study","volume":"267","author":"Huh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/IJG.0000000000002359","article-title":"Prediction and Detection of Glaucomatous Visual Field Progression Using Deep Learning on Macular Optical Coherence Tomography","volume":"33","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Glaucoma"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1080\/02713683.2020.1773866","article-title":"Collector Channels: Role and Evaluation in Schlemm\u2019s Canal Surgery","volume":"45","author":"Jamerson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-32164-9","article-title":"Diagnostic ability of macular microvasculature with swept-source OCT angiography for highly myopic glaucoma using deep learning","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"e62879","article-title":"In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals","volume":"180","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfo.2024.104242","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence, machine learning and deep learning models in corneal disorders\u2014A narrative review","volume":"47","author":"Gurnani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Fran\u00e7ais D\u2019ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e941926","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.941926","article-title":"Clinical Application of Adaptive Optics Imaging in Diagnosis, Management, and Monitoring of Ophthalmological Diseases: A Narrative Review","volume":"29","author":"Szewczuk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Herranz, D., Rodrigo, M.J., Subias, M., Martinez-Rincon, T., Mendez-Martinez, S., Bravo-Osuna, I., Bonet, A., Ruberte, J., Garcia-Feijoo, J., and Pablo, L. (2021). Novel Use of PLGA Microspheres to Create an Animal Model of Glaucoma with Progressive Neuroretinal Degeneration. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13020237"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/2\/152\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T00:54:16Z","timestamp":1781571256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/2\/152"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18020152"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020152","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]}}}