{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T12:13:45Z","timestamp":1771244025142,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20221538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20221538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Preventive Medicine Association","award":["Ym2023054"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ym2023054"]}]},{"name":"\u201cTaihu Light\u201d Science and Technology Research Project","award":["K20252014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K20252014"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Province Capability Improvement Project through Science, Technology, and Education","award":["ZDXYS202207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDXYS202207"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The precise elimination of Schistosoma japonicum eggs within host tissues poses a significant therapeutic obstacle due to the ineffectiveness of existing drugs in penetrating the eggs\u2019 protective shields. This investigation sought to create a surface-modified magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) framework to surmount this hurdle and realize targeted theranostics for combating schistosomiasis. Methods: Fe3O4 MNPs, MNP-NH2, and MNP-COOH were synthesized and characterized before systematically studying their interactions with parasites. The intrinsic autofluorescence of eggs and adult worms served as an optical background for the investigation. In vitro co-incubation assays, confocal microscopy, and Prussian blue staining were utilized to quantify both adsorption and internalization. The in vivo efficacy was assessed in a Schistosoma japonicum murine model following tail vein injection. Results: A pronounced surface chemistry-dependent interaction was noted. Fe3O4 MNP and MNP-NH2 displayed remarkable adsorption and effective internalization into eggs in vitro, while MNP-COOH exhibited limited uptake. This varying effectiveness was similarly observed in vivo, with Fe3O4 MNP and MNP-NH2 predominantly gathering in hepatic granulomas and effectively infiltrating deposited eggs. Within adult worms, Fe3O4 MNP and MNP-COOH exhibited distribution on the tegument and within adult worms. Conclusions: We developed a functional MNP platform in which surface charge governs parasiticidal targeting. Among the candidates investigated, MNP-NH2 proved to be the most efficient for egg-targeted theranostics. This study introduces an innovative nanotechnology-based approach for accurate diagnosis and treatment of schistosomiasis by specifically tackling the challenge of impermeable eggs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T17:45:36Z","timestamp":1770831936000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Surface Charge-Dependent Targeting and Penetration of Magnetic Nanoparticles into Eggs and Adult Worms of Schistosoma japonicum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2114-1625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Congjin","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9770-7229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3897-5925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lijun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuanxin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haihang","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumeng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghua","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, Y., Zhao, J., Chen, M., Liang, H., Long, X., Zhang, B., Chen, X., and Chen, Q. 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