{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T11:29:04Z","timestamp":1784546944201,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]],"date-time":"2026-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Health Medical Research Fund","award":["20212781"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20212781"]}]},{"name":"InnoHK initiative and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government"},{"name":"RCSV"},{"name":"RCMI"},{"name":"RISA"},{"name":"PolyU internal grants","award":["1-YWC5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-YWC5"]}]},{"name":"PolyU internal grants","award":["1-WZ25"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-WZ25"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82401826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82401826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of the Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions of China","award":["24KJB320012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["24KJB320012"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Youth Science and Technology Talent Support Project","award":["JSTJ-2025-020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSTJ-2025-020"]}]},{"name":"Jiangsu Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine Outstanding Young Doctoral Cultivation Program","award":["2024QB039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024QB039"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glaucoma requires therapies that extend beyond intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering strategies, and baicalein (BA) offers dual IOP-lowering and neuroprotective potential. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of BA and its major metabolite baicalin (BG) in mouse eyes and serum after intravitreal (IVT) and oral administration to determine whether non-invasive oral dosing can achieve IVT-comparable ocular exposure. Methods: BA was administered via IVT injection (100 \u03bcM) or oral gavage (20 and 200 mg\/kg) in mice, and concentrations of BA and BG in serum and ocular tissues were quantified using a validated ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (UHPLC\/MS) method. Results: After IVT, ocular BA peaked at 331.56 \u00b1 17.75 ng\/g at 5 min and declined to 7.13 \u00b1 0.79 ng\/g at 4 h, with minimal systemic exposure. Oral administration achieved comparable or higher peak ocular BA levels (380.43 \u00b1 52.85 ng\/g at 15 min for 20 mg\/kg; 309.70 \u00b1 24.75 ng\/g at 5 min for 200 mg\/kg), with markedly higher ocular area under the concentration\u2013time curve (AUC: 2455.48 \u00b1 667.83 h\u00b7ng\/g for 200 mg\/kg and 1224.88 \u00b1 751.13 h\u00b7ng\/g for 20 mg\/kg) versus IVT (247.07 h\u00b7ng\/g). Serum BA and BG peaked at 5 min after oral dosing, with systemic BG exposure substantially exceeding BA. Conclusions: Non-invasive oral BA dosing achieves ocular concentrations comparable to IVT injection, with significantly greater overall exposure and favorable pharmacokinetic profiles. This study provides the first demonstration in mice that non-invasive oral BA administration can replace invasive IVT delivery, establishing a strong rationale for its clinical development in glaucoma and retinal disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18020243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T11:11:28Z","timestamp":1771240288000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Ocular and Systemic Pharmacokinetics of Baicalein and Baicalin After Intravitreal Injection and Oral Administration in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yunshi","family":"Zhi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"First College of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Biomedicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3511-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Chuen","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huihui","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7720-7507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chi Wai","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Optometry, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for SHARP Vision (RCSV), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Centre for Chinese Medicine Innovation (RCMI), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Centre for Eye and Vision Research (CEVR), 17W Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, Hong Kong"},{"name":"Research Institute of Smart Ageing (RISA), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"053805","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-053805","article-title":"Time trends, associations and prevalence of blindness and vision loss due to glaucoma: An analysis of observational data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01289-8","article-title":"Glaucoma: Now and beyond","volume":"402","author":"Jayaram","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2008.11.005","article-title":"Species variation in biology and physiology of the ciliary epithelium: Similarities and differences","volume":"88","author":"Do","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. 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