{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T21:36:44Z","timestamp":1785879404667,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006319","name":"the Moroccan National Center for Scientific and Technical Research (CNRST) Research Excellence Scholarships program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23UAE2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23UAE2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006319","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010790","name":"the Erasmus+ International Credit Mobility Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KA107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KA107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010790","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound derived from Cannabis sativa, exhibits therapeutic potential for various conditions, including inflammation, pain, and skin disorders, making it a promising candidate for the topical treatment of psoriasis. However, its poor water solubility and instability limit its therapeutic efficacy. This study focuses on the development and characterization of CBD-loaded nanoemulsions using argan oil as the lipid phase, with and without a chitosan coating, which serves as a stabilizing and functional biopolymer. Methods: Nanoemulsions (NE) and chitosan-stabilized nanoemulsions (CS-NE), both without CBD (serving as controls), and CBD-loaded variants (CBD-NE and CBD-CS-NE) were prepared and characterized for their physicochemical properties, including pH, droplet size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (\u03b6-potential), and viscosity at various shear rates and temperatures. Stability was assessed over time, and drug release behavior was investigated through in vitro diffusion and ex vivo skin permeation studies, followed by kinetic modeling. Safety was evaluated through in vitro cytotoxicity assays using HaCaT keratinocyte cells, as well as in vivo toxicity studies using Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Results: The chitosan-coated formulations exhibited enhanced physical stability, nanoscale droplet size, a positive surface charge, and increased viscosity. Release studies demonstrated that CBD-CS-NE enabled controlled and sustained drug release, with a strong correlation to the Higuchi model, indicating diffusion-controlled permeation. Cytotoxicity assays indicated that CBD-CS-NE was non-toxic to cultured cells, while in vivo testing with C. elegans revealed sensitivity to chitosan-coated systems. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of CBD-loaded argan oil nanoemulsions, particularly those stabilized with chitosan, as potential topical delivery systems for managing psoriasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T10:33:02Z","timestamp":1772101982000},"page":"286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Encapsulation of Cannabidiol in Chitosan-Stabilized Argan Oil Nanoemulsion as a Potential Dermal Drug Delivery System for Psoriasis Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousra","family":"Mdarhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8248-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinicius","family":"de-Monte-Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Materials iMATUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2270-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila","family":"de-Almeida-Perez-Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center for Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Development, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50740-521, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3370-4997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Selene","family":"Cuello-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Materials iMATUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-6001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Touhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Sciences, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78539, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fakhita","family":"Touhami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Information and Communication Systems Department, National School of Applied Sciences of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7245-2936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Chabbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology of Tangier, Abdelmalek Essa\u00e2di University, Tetouan 93000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0107-1292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"D\u00edaz-Tom\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Materials iMATUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"},{"name":"Paraquasil Group, University Clinical Hospital, Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tashiro, T., and Sawada, Y. 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