{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T16:00:51Z","timestamp":1792252851636,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005668","name":"FAPDF","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Cordia verbenacea essential oil (EOCV) and to develop and characterize a gel-based nanoemulsion of C. verbenacea essential oil (NECV). Methods: The EOCV was chemically characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID and GC-MS). The nanoemulsion was prepared using EOCV, the surfactants Cremophor and Plurol Oleique, and phosphate buffer at pH 5.5, and was subjected to experiments to determine its stability, irritant potential and in vitro skin permeation. Results: The main chemical compounds identified in EOCV were \u03b1-pinene (33.05%) and \u03b2-caryophyllene (25.11%). The EOCV exhibited antimicrobial activity with MIC and MBC values ranging from 6.3 to 25.0 \u00b5L\/mL for the yeasts Candida albicans and C. krusei, 11.3 to 25.0 \u00b5L\/mL for the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis, and 12.5 to 75.0 \u00b5L\/mL for the Gram-negative bacteria Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. The NECV showed a droplet size of 126.80 nm, a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.49, a zeta potential of \u221218.50 mV and a pH of 5.3 and remained stable for 60 days of storage at 25 \u00b0C and 4 \u00b0C. The HET-CAM irritation test showed that the formulation is non-irritating. The in vitro skin permeation assay showed that the NECV penetrated the deeper layers of the skin, demonstrating its ability to overcome the Stratum corneum barrier. Conclusions: These results are highly promising regarding the potential use of NECV for topical application for the treatment of infected skin wounds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T14:55:01Z","timestamp":1772463301000},"page":"313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development of an Antimicrobial Nanoemulsion Based on Cordia verbenacea Essential Oil: Properties, Stability, Irritability, and In Vitro Skin Permeation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Franklyn Santos","family":"da Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breno Noronha","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4052-2618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebeca Dias","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venancio Alves","family":"Amaral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3560-3755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta Oliveira de","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno Alc\u00e2ntara","family":"do Prado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cinara Medeiro","family":"Martins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8508-1230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio Augusto Gomes","family":"da Camara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 70910-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcilio Martins","family":"de Moraes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Bioactive Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 70910-900, PE, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Juscelino Santos","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camila Oliveira","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00edvia Cristina Lira de","family":"S\u00e1 Barreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6836-3583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabel Cristina","family":"Rodrigues da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7325-9871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniela Castilho","family":"Orsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Quality Control, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FCE), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1924-7885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Martins","family":"Gelfuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, University of Bras\u00edlia (UNB\/FS), Bras\u00edlia 72220-900, DF, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113300","article-title":"Role of the chemical compounds present in the essential oil and in the extract of Cordia verbenacea DC as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and healing 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