{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T14:39:47Z","timestamp":1780929587962,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772755200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The University of Szeged Open Access","award":["8372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8372"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Poor aqueous solubility and limited nasal permeability remain key challenges in the intranasal delivery of carbamazepine. In this study, biocompatible bovine serum albumin nanoparticles functionalized with sulfobutyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin (S\u03b2CD-BSA NPs), comprising individually cytocompatible components with confirmed physical interactions), were formulated for intranasal delivery of carbamazepine (CBZ). Methods: The ethanolic desolvation method was utilised for the preparation of the nanoparticles, with the functional moiety incorporated during nanoparticle preparation. The effects of different molar ratios of S\u03b2CD-BSA and different ethanol volume ratios were studied. For crosslinking, 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC), a non-toxic crosslinker, was utilised. To determine the role of the S\u03b2CD, two preparation samples were formulated, with and without S\u03b2CD. Results: The formulation without S\u03b2CD incorporation had a mean particle size of 125 \u00b1 0.64 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.34, encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of 61.5 \u00b1 1.40%, and drug-loading ratio (DL%) of 31.9 \u00b1 1.50%. Conversely, the S\u03b2CD-functionalized formulation showed a mean particle size of 128 \u00b1 2.12 nm, PDI of 0.21 \u00b1 0.03, EE of 64.6 \u00b1 0.35%, and DL of 34.28 \u00b1 1.60%. Statistical analysis revealed that the incorporation of S\u03b2CD resulted in a statistically significant increase in both DL% and EE% (p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, the observed differences in particle size and PDI were not statistically significant (p &gt; 0.05). This addition provides precise context regarding the comparability of the formulations while highlighting S\u03b2CD\u2019s functional benefits in solubility and permeation. The interaction between CBZ and S\u03b2CD-BSA was confirmed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Lastly, the prepared formulations were characterised by their physicochemical attributes and in vitro biopharmaceutical studies. It was discovered that S\u03b2CD plays a dual role, enhancing the solubility of CBZ in one scenario while promoting its nasal permeation, suggesting its potential use in epilepsy treatment. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of S\u03b2CD-BSA NPs as a versatile pharmaceutics platform for the intranasal delivery of poorly soluble CNS drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T13:00:02Z","timestamp":1772802002000},"page":"331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Design and In Vitro Evaluation of Cyclodextrin-Functionalized Albumin Nanoparticles for Intranasal Carbamazepine Brain Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Hanan","family":"Mohammad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5368-6243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maher","family":"Darwish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics and Quantum Electronics, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Sq. 9, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wadi International University, Homs, Syria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e1ria","family":"Budai-Sz\u0171cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3833-3233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maryana","family":"Salamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5496-1710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Ambrus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8273-1760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gy\u00f6rgy Tibor","family":"Balogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes Endre Str. 9, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Str. 26, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Chemical and Environmental Process Engineering, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, M\u0171egyetem Quay 3, H-1111 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1564-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Katona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0807-2781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"Cs\u00f3ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Regulatory Affairs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Szeged, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.00951","article-title":"The management of epilepsy in children and adults","volume":"208","author":"Perucca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. 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