{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T22:57:36Z","timestamp":1792796256575,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0006-C02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of the present study was to conduct a systematic in vitro assessment of the biofunctionalities of newly synthesized lignin (LNPs) and lignin\u2013chitosan nanoparticles (LCNPs) via a comparative in vitro estimation of their cytotoxicity, cytocompatability potential, radical-scavenging activity, and antimicrobial performance, thereby establishing a benchmark for their sustainable design and biomedical applications. Methods: LNPs and LCNPs were synthesized via \u201cgreen\u201d self-assembly and co-assembly methods. Results: In vitro cytotoxicity studies on L929 fibroblasts and HaCaT keratinocytes demonstrated higher long-term viability for LCNPs (half-maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 = 3.05 mg\/mL at 72 h) compared with LNPs (IC50 = 1.37 mg\/mL), while both formulations maintained &gt;76% viability at a concentration of 0.5 mg\/mL. Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and spectrophotometric antioxidant assays displayed strong radical scavenging activity, with LNPs excelling in \u25cfOH, NO, and ABTS scavenging and LCNPs exhibiting enhanced lipid peroxidation and superoxide inhibition potential. Antimicrobial testing revealed minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) reductions of the nanoparticles up to 8\u201313-fold compared to lignin solutions, with LCNPs showing higher activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative microbial strains. Conclusions: These results highlight LCNPs as biocompatible, antioxidant, and antimicrobial nanoplatforms with potential for regenerative medicine, oxidative stress mitigation, and infection control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:43:18Z","timestamp":1773240198000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Biofunctionality Assessment of Lignin and Lignin\/Chitosan Nanoparticles: Impact of Chitosan Co-Assembly on Cytotoxicity, Cytocompatibility, Radical-Scavenging Activity, and Antimicrobial Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5604-2719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Zagorcheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrobiotechnology Department, AgroBio Institute, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research & Development & Innovation Consortium, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5628-0695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Boika","family":"Andonova-Lilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agrobiotechnology Department, AgroBio Institute, 8 Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research & Development & Innovation Consortium, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denitsa","family":"Georgieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silviya","family":"Hristova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhani","family":"Yanev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Industrial Technology, Technical University of Sofia, 1756 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8023-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolina","family":"Rusenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-3862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Beev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamelia","family":"Petkova-Parlapanska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanka","family":"Karamalakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8159-4530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zvezdelina","family":"Yaneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155711","article-title":"Recent Advance in Preparation of Lignin Nanoparticles and Their Medical Applications: A Review","volume":"130","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, P., Ali, S., Jan, R., and Kim, K.-M. 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