{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:43:57Z","timestamp":1790711037649,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":255,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wound healing is a dynamic and multifaceted biological process involving hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and tissue remodeling. Topical therapy is widely preferred for wound management due to its localized action and reduced systemic adverse effects. However, the effective delivery of therapeutic agents is often limited by the skin\u2019s barrier properties, the complex wound microenvironment, and the physicochemical characteristics of drugs. This review highlights the key physicochemical parameters governing topical drug delivery in wound therapy, including drug solubility, molecular size, lipophilicity, vesicle size distribution, surface charge, encapsulation efficiency, lipid composition, ethanol concentration, and vesicle deformability, which collectively influence drug permeation and retention at the wound site. Nanovesicular delivery systems have emerged as promising strategies to overcome these limitations. In particular, ultradeformable vesicles such as ethosomes, transferosomes, and transethosomes have demonstrated enhanced skin permeation and improved drug deposition in periwound tissue due to their flexible membrane structure and optimized physicochemical properties. This review systematically discusses the composition, preparation techniques, and critical formulation parameters of these vesicular systems that determine their stability, elasticity, and permeation performance. Furthermore, their applications in delivering anti-inflammatory drugs, antimicrobial agents, bioactive phytochemicals, and regenerative therapeutics for different wound types are examined. Widely used in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo evaluation methods, including permeation studies and wound healing models such as excision, burn, infected, and diabetic wounds, are also summarized. Finally, the review outlines current challenges related to formulation standardization, physicochemical characterization, safety assessment, and large-scale production, while highlighting the future potential of ultradeformable vesicles as next-generation nanocarriers for advanced wound healing therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030361","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T15:06:22Z","timestamp":1773414382000},"page":"361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ultradeformable Vesicles for Wound Healing: Ethosomes, Transferosomes, and Transethosomes in Topical Drug Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1851-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shery","family":"Jacob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Namitha Raichel","family":"Varkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gulf Medical University, Ajman 4184, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2850-8669","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anroop B.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Physiology of the skin","volume":"40","author":"McKnight","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surgical anatomy of the skin","volume":"40","author":"Mohamed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Patterson, J.W. (2024). Weedon\u2019s Skin Pathology E-Book, Elsevier Health Sciences."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.54724\/lc.2022.e8","article-title":"Global burden of disease study at the World Health Organization: Research methods for the most comprehensive global study of disease and underlying health policies","volume":"2","author":"Smith","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Cycle"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yakupu, A., Aimaier, R., Yuan, B., Chen, B., Cheng, J., Zhao, Y., Peng, Y., Dong, J., and Lu, S. (2023). The burden of skin and subcutaneous diseases: Findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Front. Public Health, 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1145513"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2015.08.068","article-title":"Wound healing and treating wounds: Differential diagnosis and evaluation of chronic wounds","volume":"74","author":"Morton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.10578","article-title":"Diabetic Foot Ulcers: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Armstrong","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01692-0","article-title":"Systemic sclerosis","volume":"401","author":"Volkmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mamun, A.A., Shao, C., Geng, P., Wang, S., and Xiao, J. (2024). Recent advances in molecular mechanisms of skin wound healing and its treatments. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1395479"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tottoli, E.M., Dorati, R., Genta, I., Chiesa, E., Pisani, S., and Conti, B. (2020). Skin Wound Healing Process and New Emerging Technologies for Skin Wound Care and Regeneration. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12080735"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad410","article-title":"Wound healing, scarring and management","volume":"49","author":"Sangha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, A.B., Thatcher, S., Khorsandi, J., Ahmed, Z., Lee, M., Jaouhari, A., Bond, B., and Merchant, A. (2025). Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Recombinant Growth Factor Therapies in Cutaneous Wound Healing: Mechanisms, Clinical Applications, and Future Directions. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14238583"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saberian, M., Davoudi, M., Ghafourian, A., Moradi-Sardareh, H., Taslim Bakhsh, F., and Afrisham, R. (2025). Biogenesis, Isolation, and Mechanistic Applications of Platelet-Rich Plasma and PRP-Derived Exosomes in Diabetic and Chronic Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Narrative Review. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med., 1\u201316.","DOI":"10.1007\/s40883-025-00468-z"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1734","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2022.282136","article-title":"The relative importance of platelet integrins in hemostasis, thrombosis and beyond","volume":"108","author":"Mangin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100012","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.124.002149","article-title":"Platelet spreading and clot retraction are regulated by 2 distinct \u03b1(IIb)\u03b2(3) outside-in signaling pathways","volume":"392","author":"Nigam","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s44313-024-00040-8","article-title":"Back to basics: The coagulation pathway","volume":"59","author":"Park","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.13150","article-title":"The complement alternative pathway and hemostasis","volume":"313","author":"Noris","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"949","article-title":"Novel fibrin-fibronectin matrix accelerates mice skin wound healing","volume":"5","author":"Jara","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cioce, A., Cavani, A., Cattani, C., and Scopelliti, F. (2024). Role of the Skin Immune System in Wound Healing. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13070624"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ren\u00f2, F., Pagano, C.A., Bignotto, M., and Sabbatini, M. (2025). Neutrophil Heterogeneity in Wound Healing. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13030694"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.10.609","article-title":"Fibroblast-Mediated Macrophage Recruitment Supports Acute Wound Healing","volume":"145","author":"Amuso","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Apte, A., Liechty, K.W., and Zgheib, C. (2023). Immunomodulatory biomaterials on chemokine signaling in wound healing. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1084948"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2575109","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2025.2575109","article-title":"Research progress on scar-free healing","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkaf003","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkaf003","article-title":"Masterful macrophages: Understanding and targeting activation dysfunction in diabetic wounds","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-025-10849-0","article-title":"Improving the Wound Healing Process: Pivotal role of Mesenchymal stromal\/stem Cells and Immune Cells","volume":"21","author":"Sadeghi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev. Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2105152","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202105152","article-title":"Bioactive Materials Promote Wound Healing through Modulation of Cell Behaviors","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003183","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2025.1003183","article-title":"The role of cytokines in wound healing: From mechanistic insights to therapeutic applications","volume":"5","author":"Wong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Explor. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Hou, Q., Zhong, L., Zhao, Y., and Fu, X. (2021). Macrophage Related Chronic Inflammation in Non-Healing Wounds. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.681710"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-024-09750-9","article-title":"Extracellular matrix-inspired biomaterials for wound healing","volume":"51","author":"Hosty","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, J., and Rai, V. (2024). Novel Factors Regulating Proliferation, Migration, and Differentiation of Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, and Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells during Wound Healing. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12091939"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-025-04424-3","article-title":"Angiogenesis in skin injury repair: Mechanisms, regulation, and therapeutic strategies","volume":"317","author":"Mao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Liu, X., Wang, H., Merks, R.M.H., and Baker, D.A. (2025). A model of Notch signalling control of angiogenesis: Evidence of a role for Notch ligand heterodimerization. PLoS Comput. Biol., 21.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1012825"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Z., Yao, C., Shui, Y., Li, S., and Yan, H. (2023). Research progress on the mechanism of angiogenesis in wound repair and regeneration. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1284981"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2022.08.020","article-title":"Gene therapy to enhance angiogenesis in chronic wounds","volume":"29","author":"Shaabani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.37349\/ei.2023.00122","article-title":"The role of complement component C1q in angiogenesis","volume":"3","author":"Spazzapan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Explor. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, C., Jin, Y., Ding, Z., Nuch, K.S., Han, M., Shim, J., Chien, P.N., and Heo, C.Y. (2025). Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Wound Repair: From Biology to Therapeutic Innovation. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14231850"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanniyappan, H., Chathurika Rathnayake, R.A., Osamor, J., Islam, M., and Wang, R.R. (2025). The role of collagen and collagen I\/III ratio in pathological conditions: Insights into molecular mechanisms and therapeutic approaches. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1679625"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-025-02133-1","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage transcriptional dynamics during acute and chronic wound repair","volume":"74","author":"Raja","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15052","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.15052","article-title":"Elastin and collagen fibres in cutaneous wound healing","volume":"33","author":"Gardeazabal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42825-025-00225-6","article-title":"Recent progress of collagen-based hydrogels for wound healing: A review","volume":"8","author":"Jin","year":"2026","journal-title":"Collagen Leather"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/s12262-023-03750-y","article-title":"The effects of vitamin C on wound healing\u2014Systematic review","volume":"86","author":"Thevi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Indian J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brito, S., Baek, M., and Bin, B.H. (2024). Skin Structure, Physiology, and Pathology in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111403"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2018.04.008","article-title":"Drug delivery systems and materials for wound healing applications","volume":"127","author":"Saghazadeh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.138098","article-title":"Hydrogels and hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for promoting refractory wound healing: Applications and prospects","volume":"285","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, S., Nair, A.B., Shah, J., Sreeharsha, N., Gupta, S., and Shinu, P. (2021). Emerging role of hydrogels in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering and wound management. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030357"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-82502013000300004","article-title":"Basic considerations in the dermatokinetics of topical formulations","volume":"49","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.06.035","article-title":"Strategies for transdermal drug delivery against bone disorders: A preclinical and clinical update","volume":"336","author":"Sharma","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120868","article-title":"Enhanced skin retention and permeation of a novel peptide via structural modification, chemical enhancement, and microneedles","volume":"606","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105667","article-title":"Co-amorphous formation of piroxicam-citric acid to generate supersaturation and improve skin permeation","volume":"158","author":"Hirakawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12968","article-title":"Methods for evaluating penetration of drug into the skin: A review","volume":"27","author":"Supe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Skin. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1159\/000501732","article-title":"Skin Metabolism: Relevance of Skin Enzymes for Rational Drug Design","volume":"32","author":"Pyo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Skin. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2023.101725","article-title":"The stratum corneum barrier\u2014From molecular scale to macroscopic properties","volume":"67","author":"Sparr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1971.51.4.702","article-title":"Permeability of the skin","volume":"51","author":"Scheuplein","year":"1971","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2024.114394","article-title":"Mechanisms of penetration and diffusion of drugs and cosmetic actives across the human Stratum corneum","volume":"202","author":"Neubert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.11.026","article-title":"A Framework for Incorporating Transient Solute-Keratin Binding Into Dermal Absorption Models","volume":"111","author":"Nitsche","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3278","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00126","article-title":"Natural Ingredients of Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems as Permeation Enhancers of Active Substances through the Stratum Corneum","volume":"20","author":"Schafer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2010.509361","article-title":"Effect of permeation enhancers on the iontophoretic transport of metoprolol tartrate and the drug retention in skin","volume":"18","author":"Nair","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0846.2009.00350.x","article-title":"Delivery of a classical antihypertensive agent through the skin by chemical enhancers and iontophoresis","volume":"15","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakhrushina, E.O., Shumkova, M.M., Avdonina, Y.V., Ananian, A.A., Babazadeh, M., Pouya, G., Grikh, V.V., Zubareva, I.M., Kosenkova, S.I., and Krasnyuk, I.I. (2025). Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: Methods for Enhancing Skin Permeability and Their Evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070936"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1588879","article-title":"The discovery and development of topical medicines for wound healing","volume":"14","author":"Phillipson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tiwari, R., and Pathak, K. (2023). Local Drug Delivery Strategies towards Wound Healing. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020634"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"81","article-title":"Chronic wounds: Pathological characteristics and their stem cell-based therapies","volume":"4","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eng. Regen."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-022-00377-3","article-title":"Chronic wounds","volume":"8","author":"Falanga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11538-023-01195-8","article-title":"Modelling the Effect of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dermal Wound Healing","volume":"85","author":"Dari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bull. Math. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122848","article-title":"Immunomodulatory hydrogel orchestrates pro-regenerative response of macrophages and angiogenesis for chronic wound healing","volume":"314","author":"Kuan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01688-x","article-title":"Ischemia-reperfusion injury: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122228","article-title":"Molecular pathways of NF-\u0138B and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential targets in the treatment of inflammation in diabetic wounds: A review","volume":"334","author":"Teh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sousa, A.B., and Barbosa, J.N. (2023). The Use of Specialized Pro-Resolving Mediators in Biomaterial-Based Immunomodulation. J. Funct. Biomater., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb14040223"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112893","article-title":"A multifunctional nanoparticle for efferocytosis and pro-resolving-mediated endometriosis therapy","volume":"220","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1002\/term.3345","article-title":"The effect of resolvin D1 on bone regeneration in a rat calvarial defect model","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drosopoulou, K., Kosheleva, R.I., Ofrydopoulou, A., Tsoupras, A., and Mitropoulos, A. (2025). Topical and transdermal delivery of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for inflammation and pain: Current trends and future directions in delivery systems. Processes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr13030907"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.52547\/wjps.11.3.3","article-title":"Topical Antimicrobial Agents for the Prevention of Burn-Wound Infection. What Do International Guidelines Recommend? A Systematic Review","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13560","article-title":"Efficacy of topical cadexomer iodine treatment in chronic wounds: Systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Woo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13625","article-title":"Use of oxidised regenerated cellulose\/collagen dressings versus standard of care over multiple wound types: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Chowdhry","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C29","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00080.2022","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of antimicrobial peptides for treatment of wound infection","volume":"324","author":"Haidari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32136","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.3c03069","article-title":"Effective Strategies for Developing Potent, Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial and Wound Healing Promotion from Short-Chain Antimicrobial Peptides","volume":"15","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2025.101289","article-title":"Overcoming delivery challenges of antimicrobial peptides for clinical translation: From nanocarriers to molecular modifications","volume":"83","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sahoo, R.K., and Sahu, M.C. (2025). Understanding Recent Developments in Colistin Resistance: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Future Perspectives. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202504.0901.v1"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12977","article-title":"Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Mahlapuu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Wound Repair Regen."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s10142-025-01535-y","article-title":"miRNAs and their multifaceted role in cutaneous wound healing","volume":"25","author":"Mansour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Funct. Integr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Wu, W., Zheng, L., Lin, X., Tai, Y., Wang, Y., and Wang, L. (2022). Roles of MicroRNA-21 in Skin Wound Healing: A Comprehensive Review. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.828627"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Y., Xu, X., Xiao, L., Wang, L., and Qiang, S. (2022). The Role of microRNA in the Inflammatory Response of Wound Healing. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.852419"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.13005\/bpj\/2249","article-title":"Growth factors in wound healing\u2014A review","volume":"14","author":"Vaidyanathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacol. J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtbi.2025.112083","article-title":"Understanding the regulation of chronic wounds by tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases through mathematical modelling","volume":"604","author":"Dari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Theor. Biol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14075","article-title":"The use of epidermal growth factor in dermatological practice","volume":"20","author":"Shin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ridiandries, A., Tan, J.T.M., and Bursill, C.A. (2018). The Role of Chemokines in Wound Healing. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19103217"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.05.022","article-title":"CCL2-Mediated Reversal of Impaired Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Normalization of Neovascularization and Collagen Accumulation","volume":"139","author":"Ishida","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2642","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-59174-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stromal cell derived CCL2 is required for accelerated wound healing","volume":"10","author":"Whelan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2023.102014","article-title":"Engineered bacteria to accelerate wound healing: An adaptive, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, first-in-human phase 1 trial","volume":"60","author":"Fasth","year":"2023","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1007\/s40121-025-01137-y","article-title":"In Vitro Elimination of Highly Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria by the Lactic Acid Bacterial Drug Candidate ILP100","volume":"14","author":"Pang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Ther."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farabi, B., Roster, K., Hirani, R., Tepper, K., Atak, M.F., and Safai, B. (2024). The Efficacy of Stem Cells in Wound Healing: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202402.1023.v1"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.4252\/wjsc.v12.i7.659","article-title":"Role of stem cell therapies in treating chronic wounds: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Raghuram","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Y., Su, T., Huang, B., Xu, Q., Chen, Q., Zhang, S., and Li, W. (2025). Advancements in mesenchymal stem cell therapy for chronic wounds: Challenges, innovations, and future directions. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1730032"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cedillo-Cortezano, M., Martinez-Cuevas, L.R., L\u00f3pez, J.A.M., Barrera L\u00f3pez, I.L., Escutia-Perez, S., and Petricevich, V.L. (2024). Use of Medicinal Plants in the Process of Wound Healing: A Literature Review. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17030303"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Gorain, B., Pandey, M., Jacob, S., Shinu, P., Aldhubiab, B., Almuqbil, R.M., Elsewedy, H.S., and Morsy, M.A. (2022). Tocotrienol in the Treatment of Topical Wounds: Recent Updates. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112479"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witkowska, K., Paczkowska-Walendowska, M., Garbiec, E., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). Topical Application of Centella asiatica in Wound Healing: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Efficacy. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101252"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumari, A., Raina, N., Wahi, A., Goh, K.W., Sharma, P., Nagpal, R., Jain, A., Ming, L.C., and Gupta, M. (2022). Wound-Healing Effects of Curcumin and Its Nanoformulations: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112288"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konain, K., Saddique, N., Samie, M., Rahman, Z.U., Farid, S., Hameed, S., Mirza, M.R., Wu, W., Woo, K.M., and Arany, P.R. (2023). Curcumin-loaded nanofibrous matrix accelerates fibroblast cell proliferation and enhances wound healing via GSK3-\u03b2 inhibition. J. Compos. Sci., 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs7080343"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2024.123195","article-title":"Enhanced wound healing with a bilayered multifunctional quaternized chitosan-dextran-curcumin construct","volume":"352","author":"Firuzeh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/0976500X241237361","article-title":"Mechanistic Roles of Different Varieties of Honey on Wound Healing: Recent Update","volume":"15","author":"Naskar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102601","article-title":"Wound healing potential of insulin-loaded nanoemulsion with Aloe vera gel in diabetic rats","volume":"64","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103084","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103084","article-title":"Recent advances in therapeutic and biological activities of Aloe vera","volume":"57","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3611","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-024-01571-3","article-title":"Essential oils: A potential alternative with promising active ingredients for pharmaceutical formulations in chronic wound management","volume":"32","author":"Roshni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-G\u00e1lvez, J., Mart\u00ednez-Isasi, S., G\u00f3mez-Salgado, J., Rumbo-Prieto, J.M., Sobrido-Prieto, M., S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez, M., Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez, M., and Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda, D. (2024). Cytotoxicity and concentration of silver ions released from dressings in the treatment of infected wounds: A systematic review. Front. Public Health, 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1331753"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118769528","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the combination of isosorbide dinitrate spray and chitosan gel for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers: A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial","volume":"15","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Vasc. Dis. Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heo, T.H., Jang, H.J., Jeong, G.J., and Yoon, J.K. (2025). Hydrogel-Based Nitric Oxide Delivery Systems for Enhanced Wound Healing. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11080621"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-024-01402-w","article-title":"Smart Dressings and Their Applications in Chronic Wound Management","volume":"82","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101581","article-title":"Niosomes: A review on niosomal research in the last decade","volume":"56","author":"Bhardwaj","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Kumar, S., Dalal, P., Nagpal, C., Dalal, S., Rao, R., Sreeharsha, N., and Jacob, S. (2022). Novel Dermal Delivery Cargos of Clobetasol Propionate: An Update. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020383"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, S., and Nair, A.B. (2026). Nanoemulgels as Advanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Applications in Skin Disorders, Infections, Wound Healing, and Cancer. Pharmaceuticals, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph19020247"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1039\/D0RA09561C","article-title":"Vesicular systems for dermal and transdermal drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Richard","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02896-6","article-title":"Beyond Skin Deep: Phospholipid-Based Nanovesicles as Game-Changers in Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"25","author":"Akl","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101330","article-title":"Engineered biomimetic nanovesicles-laden multifunctional hydrogel enhances targeted therapy of diabetic wound","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2023.05.002","article-title":"Extracellular vesicle-based biovectors in chronic wound healing: Biogenesis and delivery approaches","volume":"32","author":"Garima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gardikiotis, I., Cojocaru, F.D., Mihai, C.T., Balan, V., and Dodi, G. (2022). Borrowing the Features of Biopolymers for Emerging Wound Healing Dressings: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158778"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gobi, R., Ravichandiran, P., Babu, R.S., and Yoo, D.J. (2021). Biopolymer and Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Wound Dressing Applications: A Review. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13121962"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and De, R. (2025). Next-Generation Wound Healing Materials: Role of Biopolymers and Their Composites. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17162244"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.5c04130","article-title":"Multifunctional Wound Dressings Based on Biopolymers for Chronic Wound Healing","volume":"8","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.3390\/chemistry6050058","article-title":"Ethosomes: A Promising Drug Delivery Platform for Transdermal Application","volume":"6","author":"Zhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2018.1517160","article-title":"Transdermal applications of ethosomes\u2014A detailed review","volume":"29","author":"Nainwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105211","article-title":"Enhanced transdermal delivery of apremilast loaded ethosomes: Optimization, characterization and in vivo evaluation","volume":"91","author":"Alfehaid","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2299(200007\/08)50:3\/4<406::AID-DDR23>3.0.CO;2-M","article-title":"Enhanced delivery of drugs into and across the skin by ethosomal carriers","volume":"50","author":"Touitou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125273","article-title":"Harnessing phytoconstituents in ethosomes: A new frontier in skin disorder management","volume":"671","author":"Chauhan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raab, C., Do, T.T., and Keck, C.M. (2025). Influence of Ethanol as a Preservative in Topical Formulation on the Dermal Penetration Efficacy of Active Compounds in Healthy and Barrier-Disrupted Skin. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17020196"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2081739","article-title":"Pentapeptide modified ethosomes for enhanced skin retention and topical efficacy activity of indomethacin","volume":"29","author":"Niu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-03035-x","article-title":"Transethosomes: A Comprehensive Review of Ultra-Deformable Vesicular Systems for Enhanced Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"26","author":"Seenivasan","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2022.104595","article-title":"Ethosomes: A novel drug carrier","volume":"82","author":"Chauhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almuqbil, R.M., and Aldhubiab, B. (2025). Ethosome-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery: Its Structural Components, Preparation Techniques, and Therapeutic Applications Across Metabolic, Chronic, and Oncological Conditions. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17050583"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1007\/s44371-025-00232-w","article-title":"Cutting-edge advances in transethosomes and nanoethosomes for transdermal drug delivery","volume":"2","author":"Patra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Chem."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-021-03053-5","article-title":"Ethosomes as Nanocarriers for the Development of Skin Delivery Formulations","volume":"38","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdallah, M.H., Shahien, M.M., El-Horany, H.E., and Ahmed, E.H. (2025). Modified Phospholipid Vesicular Gel for Transdermal Drug Delivery: The Influence of Glycerin and\/or Ethanol on Their Lipid Bilayer Fluidity and Penetration Characteristics. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11050358"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2014.06.001","article-title":"Comparison of ethosomes and liposomes for skin delivery of psoralen for psoriasis therapy","volume":"471","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1080\/02652048.2019.1617363","article-title":"Anti-aging formulation of rosmarinic acid-loaded ethosomes and liposomes","volume":"36","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microencapsul."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2016.02.007","article-title":"Optimization of the process variables of tilianin-loaded composite phospholipid liposomes based on response surface-central composite design and pharmacokinetic study","volume":"85","author":"Zeng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272-012-0112-0","article-title":"Ethosomes, binary ethosomes and transfersomes of terbinafine hydrochloride: A comparative study","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Pharmacal. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2016.1202261","article-title":"Feasibility of binary composition in development of nanoethosomal glycolic vesicles of triamcinolone acetonide using Box-behnken design: In vitro and ex vivo characterization","volume":"45","author":"Akhtar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S442951","article-title":"Formulation and Characterization of Intranasal Drug Delivery of Frovatriptan-Loaded Binary Ethosomes Gel for Brain Targeting","volume":"17","author":"Hamzah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02536034","article-title":"Mechanisms of free radical oxidation of unsaturated lipids","volume":"30","author":"Porter","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biophys.35.040405.102022","article-title":"Roles of bilayer material properties in function and distribution of membrane proteins","volume":"35","author":"McIntosh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119936","article-title":"Development of curcumin-loaded composite phospholipid ethosomes for enhanced skin permeability and vesicle stability","volume":"592","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103098","article-title":"Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube-ethosomes for transdermal delivery of ketoprofen: Ex vivo and in vivo evaluation","volume":"69","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2018-0398","article-title":"Polyethylenimine and sodium cholate-modified ethosomes complex as multidrug carriers for the treatment of melanoma through transdermal delivery","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.29715","article-title":"CD44 Assists the Topical Anti-Psoriatic Efficacy of Curcumin-Loaded Hyaluronan-Modified Ethosomes: A New Strategy for Clustering Drug in Inflammatory Skin","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114817","article-title":"Enhanced transdermal drug delivery and breast cancer spheroid penetration using hyaluronic acid-coated ethosomes","volume":"254","author":"Rajput","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.121781","article-title":"Metformin-loaded ethosomes with promoted anti-proliferative activity in melanoma cell line B16, and wound healing aptitude: Development, characterization and in vivo evaluation","volume":"621","author":"Magdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jacob, S., Kather, F.S., Morsy, M.A., Boddu, S.H.S., Attimarad, M., Shah, J., Shinu, P., and Nair, A.B. (2024). Advances in Nanocarrier Systems for Overcoming Formulation Challenges of Curcumin: Current Insights. Nanomaterials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano14080672"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-114034","article-title":"Ethosomal Curcumin Promoted Wound Healing and Reduced Bacterial Flora in Second Degree Burn in Rat","volume":"66","author":"Partoazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1962","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-024-01722-7","article-title":"Iontophoresis and electroporation-assisted microneedles: Advancements and therapeutic potentials in transdermal drug delivery","volume":"15","author":"Abbasi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uchida, N., Yanagi, M., and Hamada, H. (2021). Physical Enhancement? Nanocarrier? Current Progress in Transdermal Drug Delivery. Nanomaterials, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano11020335"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1049\/nbt2.12069","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory ethosomal nanoformulation in combination with iontophoresis in chronic wound healing: An ex vivo study","volume":"15","author":"Mombeiny","year":"2021","journal-title":"IET Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13171","article-title":"A combination therapy of nanoethosomal piroxicam formulation along with iontophoresis as an anti-inflammatory transdermal delivery system for wound healing","volume":"16","author":"Kazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mony, M.P., Harmon, K.A., Hess, R., Dorafshar, A.H., and Shafikhani, S.H. (2023). An Updated Review of Hypertrophic Scarring. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12050678"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010867","article-title":"Comparing Combination Triamcinolone Acetonide and 5-Fluorouracil with Monotherapy Triamcinolone Acetonide or 5-Fluorouracil in the Treatment of Hypertrophic Scars: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"153","author":"Mavilakandy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"e450","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of intralesional triamcinolone acetonide alone and its combination with 5-fluorouracil in keloids and hypertrophic scars: Randomized, parallel group, and double blinded trial","volume":"4","author":"Acharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ski. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.126492","article-title":"Development of a FU\/TA ethosome-based polymeric nanocomposite film for sustained, non-invasive hypertrophic scar therapy: From bench to clinic","volume":"689","author":"Abdi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-022-09952-1","article-title":"In vivo therapeutic efficacy of Curcuma longa extract loaded ethosomes on wound healing","volume":"46","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107328","article-title":"Evaluation of antidermatophytic and wound-healing effect of garlic essential oil-loaded ethosomes formulation","volume":"113","author":"Rana","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2024.105927","article-title":"Potential of hybrid lecithin-chitosan kaempferol ethosomes for the treatment of diabetic foot ulcer: In vitro and In vivo investigation","volume":"98","author":"Raghav","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9275","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S228863","article-title":"Ethosomal Gel for Improving Transdermal Delivery of Thymosin \u03b2-4","volume":"14","author":"Fu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-021-02166-9","article-title":"Transfersomes: A Revolutionary Nanosystem for Efficient Transdermal Drug Delivery","volume":"23","author":"Akram","year":"2021","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Shamim, M.A., Shahid, A., Yeung, S., Andresen, B.T., Wang, J., Nekkanti, V., Meyskens, F.L., Kelly, K.M., and Huang, Y. (2020). Topical Delivery of Carvedilol Loaded Nano-Transfersomes for Skin Cancer Chemoprevention. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12121151"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2133.1998.02166.x","article-title":"Non-uniform cellular packing of the stratum corneum and permeability barrier function of intact skin: A high-resolution confocal laser scanning microscopy study using highly deformable vesicles (Transfersomes)","volume":"138","author":"Cevc","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672018272012231213100535","article-title":"Overcoming Skin Barrier with Transfersomes: Opportunities, Challenges, and Applications","volume":"22","author":"Dixena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2736(92)90154-E","article-title":"Lipid vesicles penetrate into intact skin owing to the transdermal osmotic gradients and hydration force","volume":"1104","author":"Cevc","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325708","DOI":"10.1080\/20022727.2017.1325708","article-title":"Transfersomes as versatile and flexible nano-vesicular carriers in skin cancer therapy: The state of the art","volume":"8","author":"Rai","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nano Rev. Exp."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rane, B.R., and Gujarathi, N.A. (2017). Transfersomes and protransfersome: Ultradeformable vesicular system. Novel Approaches for Drug Delivery, IGI Global Scientific Publishing.","DOI":"10.4018\/978-1-5225-0751-2.ch006"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2014.05.030","article-title":"Itraconazole-hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-cyclodextrin loaded deformable liposomes: In vitro skin penetration studies and antifungal efficacy using Candida albicans as model","volume":"121","author":"Alomrani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_168","first-page":"12","article-title":"Optimized Transferosomal Bovine Lactoferrin (BLF) as a Promising Novel Non-Invasive Topical Treatment for Genital Warts Caused by Human Papiluma Virus (HPV)","volume":"17","author":"Hadidi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res. IJPR"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20737","article-title":"Elastic liposomes mediated transdermal delivery of an anti-hypertensive agent: Propranolol hydrochloride","volume":"96","author":"Mishra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(01)00576-2","article-title":"Elasticity of vesicles assessed by electron spin resonance, electron microscopy and extrusion measurements","volume":"217","author":"Wertz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chuacharoen, T., Prasongsuk, S., and Sabliov, C.M. (2019). Effect of Surfactant Concentrations on Physicochemical Properties and Functionality of Curcumin Nanoemulsions Under Conditions Relevant to Commercial Utilization. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24152744"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7335","DOI":"10.1039\/D0TB01031F","article-title":"Nanoclay-based drug delivery systems and their therapeutic potentials","volume":"8","author":"Khatoon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-021-01024-2","article-title":"Current hurdles to the translation of nanomedicines from bench to the clinic","volume":"12","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.10.001","article-title":"Recent Advances in Lipid-Based Vesicles and Particulate Carriers for Topical and Transdermal Application","volume":"106","author":"Jain","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","first-page":"5","article-title":"Implementation of design of experiments in development and optimization of transfersomal carrier system of tacrolimus for the dermal management of psoriasis in albino wistar rat","volume":"10","author":"Parkash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bioequiv. Bioavailab."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1918","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1918","article-title":"Transferosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system: Dermal kinetics and recent developments","volume":"16","author":"Matharoo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S51054","article-title":"A 12-week randomized study of topical therapy with three dosages of ketoprofen in Transfersome\u00ae gel (IDEA-033) compared with the ketoprofen-free vehicle (TDT 064), in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee","volume":"6","author":"Kneer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0335","article-title":"Transfersomes as alternative topical nanodosage forms for the treatment of skin disorders","volume":"16","author":"Morales","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawi, J., Tumanyan, K., Tomas, K., Misakyan, Y., Gargaloyan, A., Gonzalez, E., Hammi, M., Tomas, S., and Venketaraman, V. (2025). Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Pathophysiology, Immune Dysregulation, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13051076"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.14218\/GE.2023.00051","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1\u03b1 in Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Plain but Not Simple","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gene Expr."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101732","article-title":"Deferoxamine-loaded transfersomes accelerates healing of pressure ulcers in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats","volume":"58","author":"Nouh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2021-0316","article-title":"Nanovesicular transferosomes for the topical delivery of plant bioactives","volume":"16","author":"Sahu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E180923221194","DOI":"10.2174\/2666779702666230918094033","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of Curcumin-based Transferosomal Gel for Wound Healing","volume":"2","author":"Maheshwari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2022.06.260","article-title":"Formulation and evaluation of fusidic acid based transferosome for burn wound infection","volume":"68","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2013.02.017","article-title":"Spray-drying encapsulation of mangiferin using natural polymers","volume":"33","author":"Feitosa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.2217\/nnm-2020-0116","article-title":"Innovative strategies to treat skin wounds with mangiferin: Fabrication of transfersomes modified with glycols and mucin","volume":"15","author":"Allaw","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5615","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S517489","article-title":"An Effective Solution to Accelerate the Healing of Complex Ulcers Using Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (Intralesional Application): A Review","volume":"19","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e22234","DOI":"10.1002\/ddr.22234","article-title":"Recombinant human epidermal growth factor-loaded liposomes and transferosomes for dermal delivery: Development, characterization, and cytotoxicity evaluation","volume":"85","author":"Doustvaghe","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Res."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-022-00744-6","article-title":"Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: Advances in Treatment and Review of Established Therapies","volume":"24","author":"Frech","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79e","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000008667","article-title":"The Most Current Algorithms for the Treatment and Prevention of Hypertrophic Scars and Keloids: A 2020 Update of the Algorithms Published 10 Years Ago","volume":"149","author":"Ogawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapkota, R., Munt, D.J., Kincaid, A.E., and Dash, A.K. (2023). Liposomes and transferosomes in the delivery of papain for the treatment of keloids and hypertrophic scars. PLoS ONE, 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290224"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2024.70.5.36","article-title":"Recombinant human growth hormone promotes wound angiogenesis in burned mice through the ERK signaling pathway","volume":"70","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1186\/s10020-024-00978-6","article-title":"Hormonal interventions in skin wounds\u2014A mini review","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.2174\/1389201020666190809120333","article-title":"Impact of the Transfersome Delivered Human Growth Hormone on the Dermal Fibroblast Cells","volume":"20","author":"Azimi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563649","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2025.2563649","article-title":"Transfersomal delivery of Centella asiatica promotes efficient excision wound healing in rats","volume":"32","author":"Lapmanee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2023.2191726","article-title":"Design and fabrication of Sesamol-loaded transfersomal gel for wound healing: Physicochemical characterization and in-vivo evaluation","volume":"49","author":"Umam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_197","first-page":"287","article-title":"Formulation Strategies for Transferosome-Loaded Calendula officinalis Ointment: An Experimental Wound Healing Study","volume":"8","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vasc. Endovasc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-023-03452-1","article-title":"Transferosomes stabilized hydrogel incorporated rhodomyrtone-rich extract from Rhodomyrtus tomentosa leaf fortified with phosphatidylcholine for the management of skin and soft-tissue infections","volume":"46","author":"Ontong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_199","first-page":"1","article-title":"Herbal Transfersomal Gel For Diabetic Wound Healing Using Azadirachta Indica, Ocimum Sanctum, And Allium Sativum","volume":"8","author":"Zanke","year":"2025","journal-title":"Vasc. Endovasc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2023.105315","article-title":"Transethosome: An ultra-deformable ethanolic vesicle for enhanced transdermal drug delivery","volume":"255","author":"Raj","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bin Jardan, Y.A., Ahad, A., Raish, M., and Al-Jenoobi, F.I. (2023). Preparation and Characterization of Transethosome Formulation for the Enhanced Delivery of Sinapic Acid. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102391"},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.02.006","article-title":"Skin drug delivery using lipid vesicles: A starting guideline for their development","volume":"355","author":"Guillot","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"1801","article-title":"Transethosomal gel for enhancing transdermal delivery of natural therapeutics","volume":"19","author":"Malang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1080\/08982104.2023.2221354","article-title":"A comprehensive review on transethosomes as a novel vesicular approach for drug delivery through transdermal route","volume":"34","author":"Munir","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Liposome Res."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867330666230508141434","article-title":"Therapeutic Effects of Statins: Promising Drug for Topical and Transdermal Administration","volume":"31","author":"Zahedipour","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867331666230829141301","article-title":"Statins, Allies against Antibiotic Resistance?","volume":"32","author":"Abavisani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2023.113361","article-title":"Atorvastatin-loaded pro-nanolipospheres with ameliorated oral bioavailability and antidyslipidemic activity","volume":"227","author":"Khafagy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaki, R.M., Seshadri, V.D., Mutayran, A.S., Elsawaf, L.A., Hamad, A.M., Almurshedi, A.S., Yusif, R.M., and Said, M. (2022). Wound Healing Efficacy of Rosuvastatin Transethosomal Gel, I Optimal Optimization, Histological and In Vivo Evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112521"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107434","article-title":"Repurposing of atorvastatin transethosomal gel for efficient wound healing in mouse model: Statistical optimization, in vitro and in vivo investigation","volume":"114","author":"Gul","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3897\/pharmacia.72.e161022","article-title":"Transethosome-mediated curcumin delivery promotes superior wound healing with reduced toxicity","volume":"72","author":"Rezigue","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacia"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Opatha, S.A.T., Titapiwatanakun, V., and Chutoprapat, R. (2020). Transfersomes: A Promising Nanoencapsulation Technique for Transdermal Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090855"},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"e59","article-title":"Exploring the potential of transethosomes in therapeutic delivery: A comprehensive review","volume":"2","author":"Chowdary","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm\u2013Biomater. Appl."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sreedharan Nair, R., Billa, N., and Morris, A.P. (2025). In vitro skin permeation and rheological evaluation of a transethosomal formulation containing curcumin-tocotrienol combinations for enhanced topical applications. J. Dispers. Sci. Technol.","DOI":"10.1080\/01932691.2025.2542342"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8170318","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8170318","article-title":"Development and In Vitro\/Ex Vivo Evaluation of Lecithin-Based Deformable Transfersomes and Transfersome-Based Gels for Combined Dermal Delivery of Meloxicam and Dexamethasone","volume":"2022","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1007\/s12668-025-02109-9","article-title":"Formulation Optimization and Characterization of Bifonazole-Loaded Transethosomal Gel by 32 Factorial Design for the Treatment of Topical Fungal Infection","volume":"15","author":"Patel","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioNanoScience"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kangra, K., Garg, V., Dhiman, A., and Dutt, R. (2025). Optimization, Preparation, and Cytotoxic Potential of Pyrus communis Extract Loaded Ethosomes on Skin Cancer Cell Lines. Curr. Top. Med. Chem.","DOI":"10.2174\/0115680266349097250418135927"},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s10876-023-02479-8","article-title":"Development of Piperine-Loaded Soft Binary Ethosomal Gel to Improve Transdermal Delivery: Box-Bhekhen Design Optimization, Ex-Vivo Permeation, and Antimicrobial Evaluation","volume":"35","author":"Zafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clust. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S400604","article-title":"Ginger Extract-Loaded Transethosomes for Effective Transdermal Permeation and Anti-Inflammation in Rat Model","volume":"18","author":"Hassan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Estupi\u00f1an, O.R., Garcia-Manrique, P., Blanco-Lopez, M.D.C., Matos, M., and Guti\u00e9rrez, G. (2020). Vitamin D3 Loaded Niosomes and Transfersomes Produced by Ethanol Injection Method: Identification of the Critical Preparation Step for Size Control. Foods, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods9101367"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2022.103096","article-title":"Does the technical methodology influence the quality attributes and the potential of skin permeation of Luliconazole loaded transethosomes?","volume":"68","author":"Akl","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02670-8","article-title":"Transfersome, an ultra-deformable lipid-based drug nanocarrier: An updated review with therapeutic applications","volume":"397","author":"Simrah","year":"2024","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.2174\/0124681873281058240509114133","article-title":"An Overview of Transferosomal Technology","volume":"15","author":"Kumari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1039\/D2BM01703B","article-title":"Controlling lamellarity and physicochemical properties of liposomes prepared using a microfluidic device","volume":"11","author":"Maeki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105191","article-title":"Novel 3D integrated microfluidic device: Design, construction, and application to the preparation of liposomes for vaccine delivery","volume":"91","author":"Xiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.149806","article-title":"Differential scanning calorimetry in drug-membrane interactions","volume":"709","author":"Zambrano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368504251334687","DOI":"10.1177\/00368504251334687","article-title":"Effect of cucurbit[7]uril on DPPC-containing liposomes: Interactions with the lipid bilayer","volume":"108","author":"Altaher","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Prog."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Natsheh, H., and Touitou, E. (2020). Phospholipid Vesicles for Dermal\/Transdermal and Nasal Administration of Active Molecules: The Effect of Surfactants and Alcohols on the Fluidity of Their Lipid Bilayers and Penetration Enhancement Properties. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25132959"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.06.057","article-title":"Dermal delivery of Fe-chlorophyllin via ultradeformable nanovesicles for photodynamic therapy in melanoma animal model","volume":"548","author":"Rady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104990","article-title":"Partition coefficient and diffusion coefficient determinations of 50 compounds in human intact skin, isolated skin layers and isolated stratum corneum lipids","volume":"69","author":"Ellison","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106873","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106873","article-title":"In vitro permeation testing for the evaluation of drug delivery to the skin","volume":"201","author":"Lane","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nair, A.B., Shah, J., Aljaeid, B.M., Al-Dhubiab, B.E., and Jacob, S. (2019). Gellan gum-based hydrogel for the transdermal delivery of nebivolol: Optimization and evaluation. Polymers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym11101699"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1007\/s43188-023-00185-1","article-title":"Comparison of structural characteristics and molecular markers of rabbit skin, pig skin, and reconstructed human epidermis for an ex vivo human skin model","volume":"39","author":"Uhm","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01058","article-title":"In Vitro Drug Release and Ex Vivo Dermal Drug Permeation Studies of Selected Commercial Benzoyl Peroxide Topical Formulations: Correlation Between Human and Porcine Skin Models","volume":"22","author":"Brighenti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haisma, E.M., Rietveld, M.H., de Breij, A., van Dissel, J.T., El Ghalbzouri, A., and Nibbering, P.H. (2013). Inflammatory and antimicrobial responses to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro wound infection model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0082800"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agonia, A.S., Palmeira-de-Oliveira, A., Cardoso, C., Augusto, C., Pellevoisin, C., Videau, C., Dinis-Oliveira, R.J., and Palmeira-de-Oliveira, R. (2022). Reconstructed Human Epidermis: An Alternative Approach for In Vitro Bioequivalence Testing of Topical Products. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081554"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-024-02763-4","article-title":"Cutaneous Pharmacokinetics of Topically Applied Novel Dermatological Formulations","volume":"25","author":"Patel","year":"2024","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105234","article-title":"Formulation development and evaluation of fluvastatin loaded transethosomes: Characterization, stability, in vitro dermal penetration, cytotoxicity and antipsoriatic activity studies","volume":"91","author":"Yurtsever","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1856071","article-title":"Dermato-pharmacokinetic: Assessment tools for topically applied dosage forms","volume":"18","author":"Rapalli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2017.07.001","article-title":"ATR-IR study of skin components: Lipids, proteins and water. Part I: Temperature effect","volume":"188","author":"Pietruszka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/opt5020018","article-title":"Skin Imaging Using Optical Coherence Tomography and Photoacoustic Imaging: A Mini-Review","volume":"5","author":"Zafar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Optics"},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.22.11.116007","article-title":"Long ranging swept-source optical coherence tomography-based angiography outperforms its spectral-domain counterpart in imaging human skin microcirculations","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1039\/c8pp00471d","article-title":"Optical coherence tomography angiography and photoacoustic imaging in dermatology","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1007\/s11307-024-01966-2","article-title":"Evaluations of a Cutaneous Wound Healing Model Using Oxygen Enhanced\u2014Dynamic Contrast Enhanced Photoacoustic Imaging (OE-DCE PAI)","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Imaging Biol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zuhayri, H., Nikolaev, V.V., Knyazkova, A.I., Lepekhina, T.B., Krivova, N.A., Tuchin, V.V., and Kistenev, Y.V. (2022). In Vivo Quantification of the Effectiveness of Topical Low-Dose Photodynamic Therapy in Wound Healing Using Two-Photon Microscopy. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020287"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mosta\u00e7o-Guidolin, L., Rosin, N.L., and Hackett, T.L. (2017). Imaging Collagen in Scar Tissue: Developments in Second Harmonic Generation Microscopy for Biomedical Applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081772"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-024-00358-8","article-title":"Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy","volume":"4","author":"Torrado","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3503","DOI":"10.1039\/C5AY02531A","article-title":"Raman spectroscopy combined with SHG gives a new perspective for rapid assessment of the collagen status in the healing of cutaneous wounds","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200700202","article-title":"Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy","volume":"8","author":"Zumbusch","year":"2007","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.13474","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging in wound care: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Saiko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banas, K., Banas, A.M., Pastorin, G., Hong, N.M., Gupta, S., Dziedzic-Kocurek, K., and Breese, M.B.H. (2024). Sensing the Changes in Stratum Corneum Using Fourier Transform Infrared Microspectroscopy and Hyperspectral Data Processing. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24217054"},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-023-02678-6","article-title":"Quality-by-Design Approach for Investigating the Efficacy of Tacrolimus and Hyaluronic Acid-Loaded Ethosomal Gel in Dermal Management of Psoriasis: In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and In Vivo Evaluation","volume":"24","author":"Dadwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S529010","article-title":"Development and Evaluation of Trans-Resveratrol-Loaded Transfersomes: Role of Cholesterol in Formulation Design for Dermal Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Sarotsumpan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, A.Z., Taha, M., Ghannoum, M., and Tyring, S.K. (2025). Biofilms and Chronic Wounds: Pathogenesis and Treatment Options. J. Clin. Med., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm14217784"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"52","article-title":"Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery Systems: Commercial Potential and Regulatory Issues","volume":"30","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Commer. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_255","unstructured":"FDA (2026, March 06). Guidance for Industry Nonsterile Semisolid Dosage Forms Scale-Up and Postapproval Changes: Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls, Available online: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/media\/71141\/download."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/3\/361\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T05:18:24Z","timestamp":1773724704000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/3\/361"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]},"references-count":255,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18030361"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18030361","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]]}}}