{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:38:49Z","timestamp":1792791529753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774828800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: The objective of this study was to engineer and optimize a mucoadhesive, positively charged stearylamine-enriched liposomal platform, termed Aminosomes, to circumvent the biophysical barriers limiting the ocular bioavailability of Brimonidine Tartrate (BT), an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist for glaucoma management. Methods: Aminosomes were synthesized using a tailored ethanol injection technique and optimized via a 32 \u00d7 21 full factorial design. Molecular integrity and crystallinity were assessed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The mucoadhesive potential was validated through a mucin interaction assay based on zeta potential shifts. In vitro release kinetics were evaluated using the dialysis membrane diffusion technique, while the therapeutic potential and ocular safety were validated through in vivo pharmacodynamic profiling of intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction, alongside comprehensive biocompatibility assessments via Draize irritancy protocol and histopathological examination. Results: The optimized Aminosomes exhibited nanometric dimensions, monodisperse size distribution, robust positive surface charge, and superior drug loading. FTIR and XRD analyses confirmed the chemical compatibility of the formulation components, as well as the successful encapsulation of BT and its transition to an amorphous state within the lipidic matrix. The mucoadhesion test demonstrated a high binding affinity for mucin. The in vitro release profile demonstrated a sustained-release pattern (78.8% over 12 h). Non-compartmental pharmacodynamic analysis of IOP-reduction data revealed a 2.8-fold increase in AUC0\u201324h, 3.5-fold extension in t1\/2, and 5.2-fold prolongation in mean residence time (MRT) relative to the standard solution. Conclusions: The optimized Aminosomes demonstrated superior mucoadhesive anchoring, enhanced and sustained therapeutic flux without inducing ocular toxicity, offering a robust strategy for enhancing the pharmacodynamics of BT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T13:41:03Z","timestamp":1774878063000},"page":"422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Engineered Brimonidine Tartrate Aminosomes as a Mucoadhesive Platform for Sustained Glaucoma Management: Optimization, In Vitro Characterization, and In Vivo Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Waad M.","family":"Omar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Km. 22 Cairo-Alex Road, Giza P.O. Box 12577, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodayna A.","family":"Shalaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Km. 22 Cairo-Alex Road, Giza P.O. Box 12577, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama","family":"Saher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo P.O. Box 11562, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, P.O. Box 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Therapy and Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Karolinska Comprehensive Cancer Center, P.O. Box 14152 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2435-2698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa Ashraf","family":"Nemr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo P.O. Box 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6896-7133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Fatouh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Km. 22 Cairo-Alex Road, Giza P.O. Box 12577, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Ainy Street, Cairo P.O. Box 11562, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2100513","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid-enriched bilosomes: An approach to enhance ocular delivery of agomelatine via D-optimal design: Formulation, in vitro characterization, and in vivo pharmacodynamic evaluation in rabbits","volume":"29","author":"Nemr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"100322","article-title":"Exploring the potential of antifungal-loaded proniosomes to consolidate corneal permeation in fungal keratitis: A comprehensive investigation from laboratory characterization to microbiological evaluation","volume":"9","author":"Ahmed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. 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