{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,2]],"date-time":"2026-04-02T05:46:36Z","timestamp":1775108796789,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774915200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82360775"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82360775"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Total glycosides of peony (TGP) have therapeutic potential for immune-related and inflammatory skin diseases, but their skin absorption is not satisfactory. This study aims to investigate how Evodia rutaecarpa volatile oil (VO-ER) enhances the permeability of TGP. Methods: Safety assessment was conducted through cell delivery and skin erythema tests. The chemical composition of VO-ER was identified via GC-MS. The study was conducted using modified Franz diffusion cells, microdialysis, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), attenuated total reflection\u2013Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations (MD), laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF), and the western blotting method. Results: The study found that VO-ER promotes the permeation of total glycosides of peony in a concentration-dependent manner by disrupting the intercellular lipid tissue structure, downregulating the expression of claudin-1, claudin-7, and occludin, and improving local microcirculation, thereby promoting the absorption of TGP. Conclusions: VO-ER enhances the transdermal absorption of TGP through multiple mechanisms, such as disrupting the skin lipid barrier, downregulating tight junction proteins, and improving local skin microcirculation. This study provides a theoretical basis for VO-ER as a safe and effective new transdermal penetration enhancer, offering support for the development of topical preparations containing Evodia rutaecarpa and Paeonia lactiflora.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040433","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1775038161000},"page":"433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigation of the Enhancement Effect of Evodia rutaecarpa Volatile Oil on Transdermal Delivery of Total Glucosides of Paeony: Mechanistic Insight Based on Interactions Among Drug, Enhancer, and Skin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Zhanghong","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6037-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongmei","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Modern Pharmacological Actions of Evodiamine, Formulation Design, and Clinical Topical Application Research Progress","volume":"43","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"China J. 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