{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T09:10:34Z","timestamp":1785575434651,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Gastro-resistant multiparticulate systems are designed to protect drugs in acidic environments and to ensure intestinal release. In practice, the method of administration may need to be modified: pellet-containing capsules opened or tablets halved for patients with swallowing difficulties, yet the type of liquid used for administration is often not specified. This study examined the stability of gastro-resistant coated pellets after exposure to various aqueous media prior to ingestion. Methods: To evaluate administration instructions, 103 Summaries of Product Characteristics of gastro-resistant products were reviewed. Pellets were produced using a bottom-spray fluidized bed process and coated with Eudragit L 30 D-55. Dissolution testing in pH 1.2 medium was performed after pre-soaking the pellets for 5, 15, and 30 min in beverages with various pH and conductivity. Drug release was measured by UV-VIS method, and morphological changes were assessed by image analysis. Marketed gastro-resistant products were also examined visually. Results: SmPC review revealed that the beverage for intake was frequently unspecified. Among the tested beverages differences in pH and conductivity were observed. Alkaline medicinal mineral waters induced increased and time-dependent premature drug release compared to tap and filtered water. Image analysis indicated a reduction in surface area after exposure to alkaline media. Conclusions: Contact with non-specified aqueous media before swallowing may weaken the protective function of gastro-resistant films. More explicit recommendations on suitable administration manipulation and media may improve therapeutic consistency.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T09:49:44Z","timestamp":1775641784000},"page":"453","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Challenges in the Oral Administration of Gastro-Resistant Formulations: The Role of Vehicles and Bottled Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7199-6026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrienn Katalin","family":"Demeter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00f3ra","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rton","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7658-280X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1d\u00e1m Tibor","family":"Barna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krisztina","family":"Lud\u00e1nyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5434-201X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Antal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8164-3993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolett","family":"K\u00e1llai-Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes E. Street 7-9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, \u00dcll\u0151i Street 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homayun, B., Lin, X., and Choi, H.-J. (2019). Challenges and Recent Progress in Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals. 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