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Methods: Gelatin obtained with and without ultrasound pretreatment was systematically characterized through molecular weight analysis, proteomic profiling, size determination, surface morphology, proximate composition, thermal behavior, and gelation-related functional properties in order to assess the influence of the extraction method on gelation performance. Results: Ultrasound pretreatment slightly increased gelatin yield from 1.46 to 1.70%, indicating enhanced collagen solubilization. Proteomic analysis confirmed the predominance of fibrillar collagen proteins in both samples, although differences in protein distribution were observed. Furthermore, weight-average molecular weight analysis revealed a reduction from 212.3 \u00b1 11.8 to 170.9 \u00b1 13.2 kDa in the ultrasound-treated sample, suggesting partial fragmentation of collagen chains induced by cavitation effects. Structural modifications were also reflected in increased porosity and surface changes, contributing to improved colloidal stability. However, these changes significantly affect the functional behavior of the gelatin. Ultrasound-treated sample exhibited limited gel-forming capacity and failed to form stable gels at the evaluated concentration, despite complete dissolution. In contrast, gelatin extracted without ultrasound treatment retained higher-molecular-weight fractions and formed stable gels at both 5 and 10% (w\/w). Thermal and spectroscopic analyses suggested that the fundamental collagen structure was preserved in both samples, although differences were observed in thermal degradation behavior. Conclusions: These results highlight the importance of controlling ultrasound-assisted extraction conditions to balance collagen recovery with the preservation of molecular integrity required for gelation, providing insights for the development of sustainable fish-derived biomaterials for pharmaceuticals and biomedical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040463","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T09:08:12Z","timestamp":1775812092000},"page":"463","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Type B Gelatin Obtained from Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Scales Using Hydro-Extraction: Effect of Ultrasound Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kelly","family":"Triana-Jim\u00e9nez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 AK 30 45-03, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4394-1606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Textil, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4296-0478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milena A.","family":"Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Textil, Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Complejo Asistencial de Salamanca, Paseo de San Vicente, 58, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9435-2952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Juanes-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational and Clinical Reserach Program, Cancer Research Center (IBMCC, CSIC-University of Salamanca), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Plataforma de Prote\u00f3mica Cl\u00ednica, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iv\u00e1n","family":"Men\u00e9ses-Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 AK 30 45-03, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Vel\u00e1squez-Lozano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Qu\u00edmica y Ambiental, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogot\u00e1 AK 30 45-03, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.02.006","article-title":"Biochemical properties of bone and scale collagens isolated from the subtropical fish black drum (Pogonia cromis) and sheepshead seabream (Archosargus probatocephalus)","volume":"8","author":"Ogawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22161","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-023-04066-3","article-title":"Isolation of gelatin from fish scale and evaluation of chemical composition and bioactive potential","volume":"14","author":"Sreeja","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomass Convers. 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