{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:30:49Z","timestamp":1791545449489,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":142,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The clinical landscape for antibody\u2013drug conjugates (ADCs) is currently experiencing an unprecedented expansion, with more than 20 agents approved to date and hundreds presently under clinical evaluation, underscoring their growing impact in precision oncology. By combining the cytotoxic potency of chemotherapy with the selectivity of monoclonal antibodies, ADCs have redefined targeted cancer therapy. Nevertheless, challenges related to toxicity, resistance, and suboptimal drug delivery continue to limit their full clinical potential. Objectives: This review provides a comprehensive description of currently approved ADCs, with a particular focus on their pharmacotherapeutic properties, mechanisms of action, therapeutic indications, and safety profiles. By integrating currently available clinical data and pharmacological properties, it is possible to identify key translational gaps between ADC design and their real-world performance. This article also evaluates how the structural components contribute to both efficacy and toxicity of ADCs, offering a framework for rational molecular optimizations. Conclusions: Beyond the current oncology-centric paradigm, this review highlights the imminent pivot toward non-oncology applications, including targeted therapies for autoimmune, infectious, and neurodegenerative diseases. Importantly, this article highlights emerging innovations shaping the next generation of ADCs, including bispecific antibodies, novel cytotoxic payloads with improved therapeutic indices, and advanced linker technologies enabling more precise payload release. Despite current limitations, ongoing advances in ADC development, along with a rapidly expanding clinical pipeline, position these drugs in a dynamic therapeutic class with the potential to transform multiple complex diseases and improve the quality of life of patients who have them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040468","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1776075554000},"page":"468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates: Pharmacotherapeutic Properties and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7676-4774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Augusto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Algarve Biomedical Centre Research Institute (ABC-Ri), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9447-2855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria L. S.","family":"Cristiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6201-3662","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaime","family":"Concei\u00e7\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Algarve Biomedical Centre Research Institute (ABC-Ri), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies (CEIS20), Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-457 Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101611","article-title":"Carbamazepine bilayer tablets combining hydrophilic and hydrophobic cyclodextrins as a quick\/slow biphasic release system","volume":"57","author":"Adeoye","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s40005-016-0254-z","article-title":"Antibody\u2013drug conjugates for targeted anticancer drug delivery","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Investig."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"362","article-title":"Advancements in antibody-drug conjugates as cancer therapeutics","volume":"5","author":"Fong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Cent."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alradwan, I.A., Alnefaie, M.K., Al Fayez, N., Aodah, A.H., Majrashi, M.A., Alturki, M., Fallatah, M.M., Almughem, F.A., Tawfik, E.A., and Alshehri, A.A. (2025). Strategic and Chemical Advances in Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17091164"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chis, A., Dobrea, C., Arseniu, A., Frum, A., Rus, L., Cormos, G., Georgescu, C., Morgovan, C., Butuca, A., and Gligor, F. (2024). Antibody-Drug Conjugates\u2014Evolution and Perspectives. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136969"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01704-3","article-title":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates (ADCs): Current and future biopharmaceuticals","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02489-2","article-title":"Antibody\u2013drug conjugates in cancer therapy: Current landscape, challenges, and future directions","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2025.100849","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates: Current challenges and innovative solutions for precision cancer therapy","volume":"6","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1708984","article-title":"Brentuximab Vedotin with Chemotherapy for Stage III or IV Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"378","author":"Connors","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansinho, A., Albuquerque, J., Barigazzi, C., and Calvo, E. (2026). Antibody-drug conjugates in cancer treatment: From molecular design to clinical implementation. Lancet Reg. Health Eur., 101634.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2026.101634"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209124","article-title":"Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer","volume":"367","author":"Verma","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"34","article-title":"The next frontier in antibody-drug conjugates: Challenges and opportunities in cancer and autoimmune therapy","volume":"8","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-00947-7","article-title":"Antibody drug conjugate: The \u201cbiological missile\u201d for targeted cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104979","article-title":"Bystander effect in antibody-drug conjugates: Navigating the fine line in tumor heterogeneity","volume":"216","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metrangolo, V., and Engelholm, L. (2024). Antibody-Drug Conjugates: The Dynamic Evolution from Conventional to Next-Generation Constructs. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16020447"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2023.2276288","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates in oncology: Insights into Current challenges","volume":"23","author":"Bostanudin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-025-04039-8","article-title":"Recent clinical advances in nonconjugated antibodies and antibody-drug conjugates for colorectal cancer treatment","volume":"25","author":"Noorkhajavi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2","article-title":"Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates (ADCs) and Their Journey to Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy","volume":"40","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Forum"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30788-0","article-title":"Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): A two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-025-01212-0","article-title":"The clinical journey of belantamab mafodotin in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: Lessons in drug development","volume":"15","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2025","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sureda, A., Garc\u00eda-Sanz, R., Domingo-Domenech, E., Capote, F.J., Guti\u00e9rrez, A., Rodriguez, A., Aguiar, D., Giraldo, P., Infante, M.S., and L\u00f3pez-Jim\u00e9nez, J. (2025). Retreatment with Brentuximab Vedotin in Patients with Relapsed\/Refractory CD30+ Malignancies: A Retrospective Medical Chart Review Study in Spain-The BELIEVE Study. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17071137"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2018.188888","article-title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin for de novo acute myeloid leukemia: Final efficacy and safety updates from the open-label, phase III ALFA-0701 trial","volume":"104","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-025-02700-9","article-title":"Gemtuzumab ozogamicin in first-line treatment of CBF-AML: Insights from a retrospective multi-center analysis","volume":"39","author":"Ronnacker","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2474","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.32116","article-title":"Inotuzumab ozogamicin versus standard of care in relapsed or refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Final report and long-term survival follow-up from the randomized, phase 3 INO-VATE study","volume":"125","author":"Kantarjian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lao, C., Wen, J., and Wen, Y. (2025). Efficacy and safety of inotuzumab ozogamicin and its combination therapies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Oncol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1613777"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(21)00139-X","article-title":"Loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (LOTIS-2): A multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 trial","volume":"22","author":"Caimi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ju\u00e1rez-Salcedo, L.M., Nimkar, S., Coraz\u00f3n, A.M., and Dalia, S. (2024). Loncastuximab Tesirine in the Treatment of Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25147580"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14250","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of moxetumomab pasudotox in patients with relapsed or refractory hairy cell leukaemia","volume":"86","author":"Kuruvilla","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2021.1929959","article-title":"Moxetumomab pasudotox as re-treatment for heavily-pretreated relapsed hairy cell leukemia","volume":"62","author":"Yurkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00172","article-title":"Polatuzumab Vedotin in Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"38","author":"Sehn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2115304","article-title":"Polatuzumab Vedotin in Previously Untreated Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"386","author":"Tilly","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-026-02290-5","article-title":"Becotatug Vedotin: First Approval","volume":"86","author":"Blair","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2026.101029","article-title":"Becotatug vedotin, MRG003, in previously treated recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma: A multicenter, single-arm, phase IIa trial","volume":"7","author":"Han","year":"2026","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, I., Hasegawa, O., Kushihashi, Y., Masubuchi, T., Tokashiki, K., and Tsukahara, K. (2025). Real-World Effectiveness and Safety of Photoimmunotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer: A Multicenter Retrospective Study. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.1589.v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anl.2025.01.005","article-title":"Photoimmunotherapy for head and neck cancer: A systematic review","volume":"52","author":"Okamoto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Auris Nasus Larynx"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO-24-01544","article-title":"Datopotamab Deruxtecan Versus Docetaxel for Previously Treated Advanced or Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: The Randomized, Open-Label Phase III TROPION-Lung01 Study","volume":"43","author":"Ahn","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-025-03538-8","article-title":"The efficacy and safety of datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) in advanced solid tumors: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2069883","article-title":"Disitamab vedotin: A novel antibody-drug conjugates for cancer therapy","volume":"29","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ye, J., Li, Y., Zhang, M., Liao, X., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., Tu, X., Tan, P., Zhang, P., and Zeng, H. (2026). Efficacy of disitamab vedotin-based therapy in HER2-negative and HER2-low locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Urol. Oncol., 111034.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2026.111034"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035807","article-title":"Enfortumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma","volume":"384","author":"Powles","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312117","article-title":"Enfortumab Vedotin and Pembrolizumab in Untreated Advanced Urothelial Cancer","volume":"390","author":"Powles","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2309169","article-title":"Mirvetuximab Soravtansine in FR\u03b1-Positive, Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer","volume":"389","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38132","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000038132","article-title":"Mirvetuximab soravtansine: A breakthrough in targeted therapy for platinum-resistant ovarian cancer","volume":"103","author":"Kokori","year":"2024","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028485","article-title":"Sacituzumab Govitecan in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"384","author":"Bardia","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, L., Dai, Y., Li, M., and Zhao, Z. (2025). The efficacy and safety of sacituzumab govitecan in the treatment of breast cancer: A systemic review and meta-analysis of emerging clinical data. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1683594"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1390","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-1525","article-title":"The Mode of Action and Clinical Outcomes of Sacituzumab Govitecan in Solid Tumors","volume":"31","author":"Tolaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1781533","DOI":"10.3389\/or.2026.1781533","article-title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan (sac-TMT\/MK-2870\/SKB264): A novel antibody\u2013drug conjugate in breast cancer","volume":"20","author":"Sofianidi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Oncol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.24.00720","article-title":"Telisotuzumab Vedotin Monotherapy in Patients with Previously Treated c-Met Protein-Overexpressing Advanced Nonsquamous EGFR-Wildtype Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in the Phase II LUMINOSITY Trial","volume":"42","author":"Camidge","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7870","DOI":"10.1097\/MS9.0000000000004038","article-title":"Emrelis (telisotuzumab vedotin-tllv): Targeting C-MET in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"87","author":"Khan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Med. Surg."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-2962","article-title":"Tisotumab Vedotin in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Cervical Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2313811","article-title":"Tisotumab Vedotin as Second- or Third-Line Therapy for Recurrent Cervical Cancer","volume":"391","author":"Vergote","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.09.034","article-title":"LBA24 Trastuzumab botidotin vs trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2-positive unresectable or metastatic breast cancer: Results from a randomized phase III study","volume":"36","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2026.101353","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer","volume":"85","author":"Cerci","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2115022","article-title":"Trastuzumab Deruxtecan versus Trastuzumab Emtansine for Breast Cancer","volume":"386","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quaquarini, E., Luelli, F., Lasagna, A., Rizzo, G., Perrone, L., Figini, S., Achille, R., and Pedrazzoli, P. (2025). Trastuzumab\u2013Deruxtecan for the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer Patients: Data from Real World Studies. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17213505"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(17)30312-1","article-title":"Trastuzumab emtansine versus capecitabine plus lapatinib in patients with previously treated HER2-positive advanced breast cancer (EMILIA): A descriptive analysis of final overall survival results from a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial","volume":"18","author":"Miles","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"e103700","article-title":"Real-World Evaluation of a Trastuzumab Emtansine Biosimilar (Ujvira\u00ae) in Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER2)-Positive Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"18","author":"Chandrakanth","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(25)00012-9","article-title":"Trastuzumab rezetecan, a HER2-directed antibody-drug conjugate, in patients with advanced HER2-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer (HORIZON-Lung): Phase 2 results from a multicentre, single-arm study","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-025-02226-5","article-title":"Trastuzumab Rezetecan: First Approval","volume":"86","author":"Hoy","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wahab, A., Rafae, A., Mushtaq, K., Masood, A., Ehsan, H., Khakwani, M., and Khan, A. (2021). Ocular Toxicity of Belantamab Mafodotin, an Oncological Perspective of Management in Relapsed and Refractory Multiple Myeloma. Front. Oncol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2021.678634"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyaf148","article-title":"Practical guidance on the clinical management of ocular adverse events associated with belantamab mafodotin in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: Recommendations from a Japanese expert panel","volume":"55","author":"Sunami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tan, F., Li, Y., Xia, H., and Yin, W. (2025). Signal mining and analysis of adverse events of Brentuximab Vedotin base on FAERS and JADER databases. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0322378"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2020.1718103","article-title":"Risk of adverse events in lymphoma patients treated with brentuximab vedotin: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Wu, F., Li, Z., Li, C., Li, X., Yuan, Y., Sun, X., Du, Y., Du, X., and Wang, S. (2025). Safety assessment of gemtuzumab ozogamicin: Real-world adverse event analysis based on the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1643780"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-00975-2","article-title":"Prevention, recognition, and management of adverse events associated with gemtuzumab ozogamicin use in acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"13","author":"Cortes","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s11899-026-00772-7","article-title":"Inotuzumab Ozogamicin in Clinical Practice: An Overview of Efficacy, Safety, and Real-World Applications","volume":"21","author":"Tran","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Hematol. Malig. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32013","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.32013","article-title":"Efficacy and Toxicity of Inotuzumab Ozogamicin for Treatment of Relapsed\/Refractory B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in Pediatric and Young Adult Patients After CD19-Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","volume":"72","author":"Ogrodnik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70128","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.70128","article-title":"Management of Adverse Reactions to Loncastuximab in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma","volume":"43","author":"Epperla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1990","DOI":"10.1080\/10428194.2025.2520440","article-title":"Loncastuximab tesirine in relapsed\/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Drug profile and expert opinion on the prevention and management of adverse events","volume":"66","author":"Derenzini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-020-01004-y","article-title":"Moxetumomab pasudotox in heavily pre-treated patients with relapsed\/refractory hairy cell leukemia (HCL): Long-term follow-up from the pivotal trial","volume":"14","author":"Kreitman","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-021-01069-8","article-title":"Moxetumomab Pasudotox in Hairy Cell Leukaemia: A Profile of Its Use","volume":"41","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Mao, W., Hu, B., Li, X., Zhao, Q., Zhang, L., and Hu, J. (2024). A real-world pharmacovigilance study of polatuzumab vedotin based on the FDA adverse event reporting system (FAERS). Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1405023"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1080\/14740338.2024.2348572","article-title":"A real-world pharmacovigilance analysis of the FDA adverse event reporting system events for polatuzumab vedotin","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2022.0503","article-title":"Evaluation of Safety of Treatment with Anti\u2013Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Antibody Drug Conjugate MRG003 in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors","volume":"8","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abraham, F.F., and Julian, R. (2025). Emerging and Investigational Systemic Therapies in Recurrent\/Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer After Progression on Immunotherapy. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17233817"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Okamoto, I., Okada, T., Tokashiki, K., and Tsukahara, K. (2022). Quality-of-Life Evaluation of Patients with Unresectable Locally Advanced or Locally Recurrent Head and Neck Carcinoma Treated with Head and Neck Photoimmunotherapy. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14184413"},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"102260","article-title":"Severe drug-induced interstitial lung disease after photoimmunotherapy with cetuximab\u2013sarotalocan sodium in a patient with oropharyngeal cancer: A case report","volume":"57","author":"Takuma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyaf225","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf225","article-title":"Datopotamab deruxtecan\u2013associated select adverse events: Clinical practices and institutional protocols on prophylaxis, monitoring, and management","volume":"30","author":"Lisberg","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"100775","article-title":"Safety evaluation of Datopotamab deruxtecan for triple-negative breast cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Lanotte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, S., Wang, C., Li, X., Li, C., Li, D., Zhang, B., Wan, J., Yue, Z., Wu, G., and Zhang, S. (2026). Real-world efficacy and safety of disitamab vedotin monotherapy or in combination with PD-1 inhibitors in locally advanced or metastatic upper tract urothelial carcinoma: A multicenter retrospective study. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1699538"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, T., Liu, H., Shen, Y., and Shao, S. (2025). Real-world evaluation of the efficacy and safety of disitamab vedotin (RC48) in urothelial carcinoma. BMC Urol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12894-025-01960-y"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71284","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.71284","article-title":"Treatment-Related Adverse Events and Associated Outcomes in Patients with Advanced Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Enfortumab Vedotin: Analysis of the UNITE Study","volume":"14","author":"Nizam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2021.05.020","article-title":"Cutaneous reactions with enfortumab vedotin: A case series and review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Dobry","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2025.101738","article-title":"Early experience and assessment of real-world toxicities with mirvetuximab soravtansine in a heavily pretreated patient cohort with ovarian cancer","volume":"59","author":"Lang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2025.5763","article-title":"Ocular Toxic Effects During Mirvetuximab Soravtansine Therapy","volume":"12","author":"Haidar","year":"2026","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gui, X., Zhao, J., Ding, L., Chai, J., Lai, H., Cai, Y., Luo, S., Zeng, Y., Wu, W., and Chen, H. (2023). Assessing real-world safety concerns of Sacituzumab govitecan: A disproportionality analysis using spontaneous reports in the FDA adverse event reporting system. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1276976"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"oyaf311","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyaf311","article-title":"Clinical perspective on management of key adverse events with sacituzumab govitecan","volume":"30","author":"Tolaney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.11.013","article-title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan in participants with advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma and disease progression after chemotherapy and immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"37","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03630-w","article-title":"Sacituzumab tirumotecan in previously treated metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: A randomized phase 3 trial","volume":"31","author":"Yin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70219","DOI":"10.1002\/psp4.70219","article-title":"Population Pharmacokinetics and Exposure-Response Analyses for Telisotuzumab Vedotin in Patients with c-Met Protein Overexpressing Tumors","volume":"15","author":"Babel","year":"2026","journal-title":"CPT Pharmacomet. Syst. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.5582\/ddt.2025.01058","article-title":"Telisotuzumab vedotin: The first-in-class c-Met-targeted antibody-drug conjugate granted FDA accelerated approval for treatment of non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)","volume":"19","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Ther."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.6004\/jadpro.2023.14.2.4","article-title":"Tisotumab Vedotin Safety and Tolerability in Clinical Practice: Managing Adverse Events","volume":"14","author":"Arn","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pract. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gore.2026.102065","article-title":"Tisotumab vedotin\u2013associated Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome in a patient with recurrent vulvar cancer: Vulnerability and antibody drug conjugate toxicity considerations","volume":"64","author":"Chess","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gynecol. Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Deng, J., Zhang, R., Xing, J., Wu, Y., Chen, W., Liang, B., Xing, D., Xu, J., and Zhang, M. (2023). The clinical development of antibody-drug conjugates for non-small cell lung cancer therapy. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1335252"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"2","article-title":"Recent Advances in the Treatment of Early-Stage HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: Updates from ESMO 2025","volume":"2","author":"Evangelou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oncol. Am. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2565","DOI":"10.1080\/14796694.2025.2535171","article-title":"Management of trastuzumab deruxtecan-related adverse events in breast cancer: Italian expert panel recommendations","volume":"21","author":"Bianchini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2025.104787","article-title":"Adverse effect of trastuzumab deruxtecan in solid tumours: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"213","author":"Pathak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.86746","article-title":"Adverse Event Profile Differences between Trastuzumab Emtansine and Trastuzumab Deruxtecan: A Real-world, Pharmacovigilance Study","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19587","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-69614-x","article-title":"Long-term hepatobiliary disorder associated with trastuzumab emtansine pharmacovigilance study using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System database","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, T., Xu, J., Yin, J., Gao, Y., Zheng, H., Fu, B., Sun, J., Xu, Z., Tu, S., and Mao, Y. (2025). SHR-A1811, a novel anti-HER2 antibody\u2013drug conjugate with optimal drug-to-antibody ratio, efficient tumor killing potency, and favorable safety profiles. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0326691"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2025.03.022","article-title":"Neoadjuvant treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer: Has the era of antibody-drug conjugates arrived?","volume":"36","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., Bordeau, B., and Balthasar, J. (2023). Mechanisms of ADC Toxicity and Strategies to Increase ADC Tolerability. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030713"},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"124","article-title":"Overview of antibody-drug conjugates nonclinical and clinical toxicities and related contributing factors","volume":"8","author":"Cheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antib. Ther."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-025-01720-3","article-title":"Treatment-related adverse events of antibody drug-conjugates in clinical trials","volume":"18","author":"Tan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grudzinska-Goebel, J., Benstein, K., Bloem, K., Cowan, K., Gorovits, B., Jadhav, M., Janssen, M., Jawa, V., Kiessling, A., and Kramer, D. (2025). Immunogenicity risk assessment for tailored mitigation and monitoring of biotherapeutics during development: Recommendations from the European Immunogenicity Platform. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1581153"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2024.12.036","article-title":"Resistance to antibody\u2013drug conjugates: A review","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khoury, R., Saleh, K., Khalife, N., Saleh, M., Chahine, C., Ibrahim, R., and Lecesne, A. (2023). Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24119674"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resinv.2025.05.012","article-title":"Mechanisms of resistance to antibody-drug conjugates in cancers","volume":"63","author":"Murase","year":"2025","journal-title":"Respir. Investig."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abelman, R., Wu, B., Spring, L., Ellisen, L., and Bardia, A. (2023). Mechanisms of Resistance to Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15041278"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.363591","article-title":"Sub-cellular sequestration of alkaline drugs in lysosomes: New insights for pharmaceutical development of lysosomal fluid","volume":"18","author":"Yousef","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1300","article-title":"SLC46A3 as a Potential Predictive Biomarker for Antibody-Drug Conjugates Bearing Noncleavable Linked Maytansinoid and Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Warheads","volume":"24","author":"Kinneer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-24-2771","article-title":"TOP1 Mutations and Cross-Resistance to Antibody-Drug Conjugates in Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"31","author":"Abelman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"High, P., Guernsey, C., Subramanian, S., Jacob, J., and Carmon, K. (2024). The Evolving Paradigm of Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates Targeting the ErbB\/HER Family of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070890"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114319","article-title":"Targeting the tumor biophysical microenvironment to reduce resistance to immunotherapy","volume":"186","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102922","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2025.102922","article-title":"Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of antibody-drug conjugates, where do we stand?","volume":"135","author":"Gougis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mckertish, C., and Kayser, V. (2021). Advances and Limitations of Antibody Drug Conjugates for Cancer. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080872"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-19-0582","article-title":"Antibody-Drug Conjugates: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"18","author":"Khongorzul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, A., and Power, C. (2019). David vs. Goliath: The Structure, Function, and Clinical Prospects of Antibody Fragments. Antibodies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8020028"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01049","article-title":"Small Molecule-Drug Conjugates Emerge as a New Promising Approach for Cancer Treatment","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.021","article-title":"Antibody and antibody fragments for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"328","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Riccardi, F., Dal Bo, M., Macor, P., and Toffoli, G. (2023). A comprehensive overview on antibody-drug conjugates: From the conceptualization to cancer therapy. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1274088"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.10.036","article-title":"Targeted cancer therapy through antibody fragments-decorated nanomedicines","volume":"268","author":"Alibakhshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control Release"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinovsky, D., Kholodenko, I., Kibardin, A., Doronin, I., Svirshchevskaya, E., Ryazantsev, D., Konovalova, M., Rozov, F., Larin, S., and Deyev, S. (2023). Minibody-Based and scFv-Based Antibody Fragment-Drug Conjugates Selectively Eliminate GD2-Positive Tumor Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021239"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"114","article-title":"Reforming solid tumor treatment: The emerging potential of smaller format antibody-drug conjugate","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antib. Ther."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Solomonov, I., Kollet, O., and Sagi, I. (2025). Extracellular matrix and proteolysis: Mechanisms driving irreversible changes and shaping cell behavior. FEBS J.","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.70292"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c01448","article-title":"The Masking Game: Design of Activatable Antibodies and Mimetics for Selective Therapeutics and Cell Control","volume":"7","author":"Lucchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s40164-025-00624-9","article-title":"Development of a bispecific antibody-drug conjugate targeting EpCAM and CLDN3 for the treatment of multiple solid tumors","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2021.08.016","article-title":"A potently neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 antibody inhibits variants of concern by utilizing unique binding residues in a highly conserved epitope","volume":"54","author":"VanBlargan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdeldaim, D., and Schindowski, K. (2023). Fc-Engineered Therapeutic Antibodies: Recent Advances and Future Directions. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102402"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-022-01397-y","article-title":"Payload diversification: A key step in the development of antibody-drug conjugates","volume":"16","author":"Conilh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2024.104241","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates: Prospects for the next generation","volume":"29","author":"Grairi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhuri, K., Bechtold, C., Quijano, E., Pham, H., Gupta, A., Vikram, A., and Bahal, R. (2020). Antisense Oligonucleotides: An Emerging Area in Drug Discovery and Development. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9062004"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sincere, N., Anand, K., Ashique, S., Yang, J., and You, C. (2023). PROTACs: Emerging Targeted Protein Degradation Approaches for Advanced Druggable Strategies. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28104014"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1568","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.4c00348","article-title":"Linker and Conjugation Site Synergy in Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates: Impacts on Biological Activity","volume":"35","author":"Aoyama","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.03.042","article-title":"Antibody\u2013drug conjugates: Recent advances in linker chemistry","volume":"11","author":"Su","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.6b00067","article-title":"Processes for Constructing Homogeneous Antibody Drug Conjugates","volume":"20","author":"Jackson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Org. Process Res. Dev."},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"157","article-title":"A review of conjugation technologies for antibody drug conjugates","volume":"8","author":"Fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antib. Ther."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316872","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2024.2316872","article-title":"Production of antibodies and antibody fragments containing non-natural amino acids in Escherichia coli","volume":"16","author":"Groff","year":"2024","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202500305","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202500305","article-title":"Advanced Antibody-Drug Conjugates Design: Innovation in Linker Chemistry and Site-Specific Conjugation Technologies","volume":"26","author":"Matsuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pal, L., Bule, P., Khan, W., and Chella, N. (2023). An Overview of the Development and Preclinical Evaluation of Antibody\u2013Drug Conjugates for Non-Oncological Applications. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071807"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.3c00374","article-title":"The Evolving Landscape of Antibody-Drug Conjugates: In Depth Analysis of Recent Research Progress","volume":"34","author":"Sasso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavaco, M., Castanho, M., and Neves, V. (2022). The Use of Antibody-Antibiotic Conjugates to Fight Bacterial Infections. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.835677"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/468\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:14:33Z","timestamp":1777004073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":142,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18040468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040468","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]}}}