{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:55:01Z","timestamp":1777006501260,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":163,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]],"date-time":"2026-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775952000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabinoids (CBs) derived from Cannabis sativa have attracted growing interest for dermatological applications due to their anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antimicrobial, antifibrotic, and antipruritic properties. However, their clinical translation is significantly limited by physicochemical and pharmacokinetic challenges, including poor aqueous solubility, lipophilicity, instability, variable skin penetration, and inconsistent bioavailability. At the molecular level, CBs modulate keratinocyte proliferation, sebocyte activity, fibroblast function, melanocyte balance, and immune signalling through CB1\/CB2 receptors, TRP channels, and PPAR\u03b3 pathways. Evidence supports their potential in the treatment of psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, acne, allergic contact dermatitis, pruritus, scleroderma, and skin cancers. Clinical evidence remains preliminary: topical and oral formulations have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antiproliferative, antibacterial, and antifibrotic effects, with improvements in pruritus, lesion severity, and quality of life in early-phase studies. However, most trials are small, uncontrolled, and lack placebo comparators, limiting generalisability. To overcome formulation barriers and enhance dermal delivery, advanced pharmaceutical strategies such as liposomes, nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, and transdermal systems have been investigated to improve stability, controlled release, and targeted skin deposition while minimising systemic exposure. This review integrates mechanistic insights, clinical evidence, and emerging nanotechnology-enabled delivery approaches, emphasising rational formulation design and translational considerations necessary for advancing CBs toward standardised and clinically reliable dermatological therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:19:14Z","timestamp":1776075554000},"page":"469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabinoids for Dermatological Applications: Mechanistic Insights, Clinical Evidence, and Emerging Nanotechnology-Enabled Delivery Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4781-4867","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashutosh","family":"Pareek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lipika","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lance R.","family":"McMahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4649-4133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Chuturgoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aaushi","family":"Pareek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusu, A., Farca\u0219, A.M., Oancea, O.L., and Tanase, C. (2025). Cannabidiol in Skin Health: A Comprehensive Review of Topical Applications in Dermatology and Cosmetic Science. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15091219"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, A.M., Gomes, A.L., Boas, I.V., Marto, J., and Ribeiro, H.M. (2022). Cannabis-Based Products for the Treatment of Skin Inflammatory Diseases: A Timely review. Pharmaceuticals, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15020210"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapteva, M., Faro Barros, J., and Kalia, Y.N. (2024). Cutaneous Delivery and Biodistribution of Cannabidiol in Human Skin after Topical Application of Colloidal Formulations. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16020202"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"uhad150","DOI":"10.1093\/hr\/uhad150","article-title":"Cannabis sativa: Origin and history, glandular trichome development, and cannabinoid biosynthesis","volume":"10","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hortic. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurga, M., Jurga, A., Jurga, K., Ka\u017amierczak, B., Ku\u015bmierczyk, K., and Chabowski, M. (2024). Cannabis-Based Phytocannabinoids: Overview, Mechanism of Action, Therapeutic Application, Production, and Affecting Environmental Factors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252011258"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monou, P.K., Mamaligka, A.M., Tzimtzimis, E.K., Tzetzis, D., Vergkizi-Nikolakaki, S., Vizirianakis, I.S., Andriotis, E.G., Eleftheriadis, G.K., and Fatouros, D.G. (2022). Fabrication and Preliminary In Vitro Evaluation of 3D-Printed Alginate Films with Cannabidiol (CBD) and Cannabigerol (CBG) Nanoparticles for Potential Wound-Healing Applications. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081637"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2015.41","article-title":"Distribution of bioactive lipid mediators in human skin","volume":"135","author":"Kendall","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2026.105027","article-title":"Cannabinoids and skin cancer: Mechanistic insights, therapeutic potential, and translational perspectives","volume":"145","author":"Pareek","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2122","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.2122","article-title":"Cannabinol modulates the endocannabinoid system and shows TRPV1-mediated anti-inflammatory properties in human keratinocytes","volume":"51","author":"Tortolani","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioFactors"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gerasymchuk, M., Robinson, G.I., Groves, A., Haselhorst, L., Nandakumar, S., Stahl, C., Kovalchuk, O., and Kovalchuk, I. (2022). Phytocannabinoids Stimulate Rejuvenation and Prevent Cellular Senescence in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11233939"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-024-03131-9","article-title":"Potential of cannabidiol as acne and acne scar treatment: Novel insights into molecular pathways of pathophysiological factors","volume":"316","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-025-08725-1","article-title":"Natural protection against oxidative stress in human skin melanocytes","volume":"8","author":"Mucha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-022-01727-4","article-title":"Cannabinoids as anticancer drugs: Current status of preclinical research","volume":"127","author":"Hinz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140825","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded hydrogel microneedle patches inhibit TRIM14\/TRAF3\/NF-\u03baB axis for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S374692","article-title":"Cannabidiol Inhibits Inflammation Induced by Cutibacterium acnes-Derived Extracellular Vesicles via Activation of CB2 Receptor in Keratinocytes","volume":"15","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S355489","article-title":"The Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cannabidiol (CBD) on Acne","volume":"15","author":"Peyravian","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Filipiuc, S.I., Neagu, A.N., Uritu, C.M., Tamba, B.I., Filipiuc, L.E., Tudorancea, I.M., Boca, A.N., H\u00e2ncu, M.F., Porumb, V., and Bild, W. (2023). The Skin and Natural Cannabinoids-Topical and Transdermal Applications. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16071049"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inan, S., Ward, S.J., Baltazar, C.T., Peruggia, G.A., Javed, E., and Nayak, A.P. (2023). Epicutaneous Sensitization to the Phytocannabinoid \u03b2-Caryophyllene Induces Pruritic Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814328"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"So-Ngern, A., Sripanichkulchai, B., Mahakkanukrauh, A., Suwannaroj, S., Pongkulkiat, P., Onchan, T., Kanokmedhakul, S., and Foocharoen, C. (2025). Efficacy of Cannabis Oil in Improving Subjective Sleep Quality in Systemic Sclerosis: A Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study. Life, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/life15050727"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2024.106920","article-title":"A new cannabigerol derivative, LE-127\/2, induces autophagy mediated cell death in human cutaneous melanoma cells","volume":"203","author":"Vass","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2026, February 16). The 2018 Farm Bill\u2019s Hemp Definition and Legal Challenges to State Laws Restricting Certain THC Products, Available online: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/R48637."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u0103nase Apetroaei, V., Pricop, E.M., Istrati, D.I., and Vizireanu, C. (2024). Hemp Seeds (Cannabis sativa L.) as a Valuable Source of Natural Ingredients for Functional Foods-A Review. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29092097"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.05.049","article-title":"Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp)","volume":"143","author":"Brighenti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vuerich, M., Ferfuia, C., Zuliani, F., Piani, B., Sepulcri, A., and Baldini, M. (2019). Yield and quality of essential oils in hemp varieties in different environments. Agronomy, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy9070356"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcou.2018.09.022","article-title":"Supercritical extraction strategies using CO2 and ethanol to obtain cannabinoid compounds from Cannabis hybrid flowers","volume":"28","author":"Osorio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. CO2 Util."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilbao, A., and Spanagel, R. (2022). Medical cannabinoids: A pharmacology-based systematic review and meta-analysis for all relevant medical indications. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02459-1"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-024-00891-y","article-title":"The Potential Role of Cannabidiol in Cosmetic Dermatology: A Literature Review","volume":"25","author":"Kuzumi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.5055\/jom.2009.0034","article-title":"The analgesic potential of cannabinoids","volume":"5","author":"Elikkottil","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Opioid Manag."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4005","article-title":"Medical Cannabis Laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132010","volume":"174","author":"Bachhuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0022","article-title":"Emerging evidence for cannabis\u2019 role in opioid use Disorder","volume":"3","author":"Wiese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0012","article-title":"Cannabis as a Substitute for Opioid-Based Pain Medication: Patient Self-Report","volume":"2","author":"Reiman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e089336","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089336","article-title":"Medicinal CANnabis (CBD\/THC) to prevent the symptoms and side effects of chemotherapy in people with advanced CANcer (CANCAN): Protocol for a phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Bellas","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bruni, N., Della Pepa, C., Oliaro-Bosso, S., Pessione, E., Gastaldi, D., and Dosio, F. (2018). Cannabinoid delivery systems for pain and inflammation treatment. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23102478"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2477","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13710","article-title":"The pharmacokinetics and the pharmacodynamics of cannabinoids","volume":"84","author":"Lucas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"178","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of cannabidiol administered by 3 delivery methods at 2 different dosages to healthy dogs","volume":"82","author":"Bartner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc1188","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Potential anticancer agents","volume":"3","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.5070\/D3246040706","article-title":"Cannabinoids in dermatology: A scoping review","volume":"24","author":"Eagleston","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S65448","article-title":"N-palmitoylethanolamine and N-acetylethanolamine are effective in asteatotic eczema: Results of a randomized, double-blind, controlled study in 60 patients","volume":"9","author":"Yuan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9364091","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/9364091","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target in glaucoma","volume":"2016","author":"Cairns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2009.05.004","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system of the skin in health and disease: Novel perspectives and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"30","author":"Paus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.08.022","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system of the skin. A potential approach for the treatment of skin disorders","volume":"157","author":"Appendino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5000919","article-title":"TRP channel cannabinoid receptors in skin sensation, homeostasis, and inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Caterina","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3713","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64628","article-title":"Cannabidiol exerts sebostatic and antiinflammatory effects on human sebocytes","volume":"124","author":"Sugawara","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2017.06.005","article-title":"Cannabidiol upregulates melanogenesis through CB1 dependent pathway by activating p38 MAPK and p42\/44 MAPK","volume":"273","author":"Hwang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4474255","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4474255","article-title":"Development of an Effective Acne Treatment Based on CBD and Herbal Extracts: Preliminary In Vitro, Ex Vivo, and Clinical Evaluation","volume":"2023","author":"Cohen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70024","DOI":"10.1002\/der2.70024","article-title":"Improvement in atopic dermatitis using a novel topical 2% cannabidiol (CBD) application","volume":"6","author":"Hakim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dermatol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-018-0410-5","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Potential Role in Inflammatory and Neoplastic Skin Diseases","volume":"20","author":"Milando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.005","article-title":"Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives","volume":"334","author":"Tijani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mahmoudinoodezh, H., Telukutla, S.R., Bhangu, S.K., Bachari, A., Cavalieri, F., and Mantri, N. (2022). The Transdermal Delivery of Therapeutic Cannabinoids. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020438"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hossain, K.R., Alghalayini, A., and Valenzuela, S.M. (2023). Current Challenges and Opportunities for Improved Cannabidiol Solubility. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914514"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3697","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-60477-6","article-title":"Quantification of the content of cannabinol in commercially available e-liquids and studies on their thermal and photo-stability","volume":"10","author":"Mazzetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosovi\u0107, E., S\u00fdkora, D., and Kucha\u0159, M. (2021). Stability Study of Cannabidiol in the Form of Solid Powder and Sunflower Oil Solution. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13030412"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atalay, S., Jarocka-Karpowicz, I., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2019). Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9010021"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S519420","article-title":"Challenges Psoriasis and Its Impact on Quality of Life: Challenges in Treatment and Management","volume":"15","author":"Ponikowska","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psoriasis"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0237","article-title":"Cannabidiol Mediates In Vitro Attenuation of Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses in Psoriatic Disease","volume":"9","author":"Tsiogkas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2147\/PTT.S469698","article-title":"The Perspective of Cannabidiol in Psoriasis Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Stanescu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psoriasis"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.2174\/1574884711666160511150126","article-title":"Cannabis for Refractory Psoriasis\u2014High hopes for a novel treatment and a literature review","volume":"11","author":"Derakhshan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74236","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12371","article-title":"Overexpression and potential roles of NRIP1 in psoriasis","volume":"7","author":"Luan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2016.12.003","article-title":"Cannabinoids: Possible agents for treatment of psoriasis via suppression of angiogenesis and inflammation","volume":"99","author":"Norooznezhad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, E.H., and Lee, J.H. (2023). Cannabinoids and their receptors in skin diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216523"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, W.P., Hung, H.P., Lin, J.G., Chang, L.H., Inose, A., and Huang, G.J. (2025). Taraxacum mongolicum Ameliorates DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-like Symptoms in Mice by Regulating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, MAPK, and JAK\/STAT\/TSLP Signaling Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146601"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareek, A., Kumari, L., Pareek, A., Chaudhary, S., Ratan, Y., Janmeda, P., Chuturgoon, S., and Chuturgoon, A. (2024). Unraveling Atopic Dermatitis: Insights into Pathophysiology, Therapeutic Advances, and Future Perspectives. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13050425"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2017.02.056","article-title":"The role of cannabinoids in dermatology","volume":"77","author":"Mounessa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.12414","article-title":"Cannabinoid 1 receptors in keratinocytes attenuate fluorescein isothiocyanate-induced mouse atopic-like dermatitis","volume":"23","author":"Gaffal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.1.22","article-title":"Selective cannabinoid receptor-1 agonists regulate mast cell activation in an Oxazolone-Induced atopic dermatitis model","volume":"28","author":"Nam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e401","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.12841","article-title":"Topical cannabinoid receptor 1 agonist attenuates the cutaneous inflammatory responses in oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis model","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1097\/DER.0000000000000257","article-title":"The endocannabinoid system and its role in eczematous dermatoses","volume":"28","author":"Trusler","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dermatitis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, S., and Lee, J.H. (2025). Targeting Vascular and Inflammatory Crosstalk: Cannabigerol as a Dual-Pathway Modulator in Rosacea. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146840"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1111\/vde.13077","article-title":"The effect of a mixed cannabidiol and cannabidiolic acid based oil on client-owned dogs with atopic dermatitis","volume":"33","author":"Loewinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Vet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Metwally, S., Ura, D.P., Krysiak, Z.J., Kaniuk, \u0141., Szewczyk, P.K., and Stachewicz, U. (2020). Electrospun PCL Patches with Controlled Fiber Morphology and Mechanical Performance for Skin Moisturization via Long-Term Release of Hemp Oil for Atopic Dermatitis. Membranes, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes11010026"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, K.C., Jeong, G.H., Bang, C.H., and Lee, J.H. (2024). Cannabichromene as a Novel Inhibitor of Th2 Cytokine and JAK\/STAT Pathway Activation in Atopic Dermatitis Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413539"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244368","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory Properties of Cannabidiol, a Nonpsychotropic Cannabinoid, in Experimental Allergic Contact Dermatitis","volume":"365","author":"Petrosino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1142265","article-title":"Attenuation of allergic contact dermatitis through the endocannabinoid system","volume":"316","author":"Karsak","year":"2007","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000336167","article-title":"Involvement of the endogenous cannabinoid 2 ligand 2-Arachidonyl glycerol in allergic inflammation","volume":"159","author":"Mimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.08.013","article-title":"Involvement of cannabinoid CB2 receptor-mediated response and efficacy of cannabinoid CB2 receptor inverse agonist, JTE-907, in cutaneous inflammation in mice","volume":"520","author":"Ueda","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3685","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-104877","article-title":"Endocannabinoids enhance lipid synthesis and apoptosis of human sebocytes via cannabinoid receptor-2-mediated signaling","volume":"22","author":"Dobrosi","year":"2008","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, S., and Lee, M. (2018). The ameliorative effect of hemp seed hexane extracts on the Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation and lipogenesis in sebocytes. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202933"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T\u00f3th, K.F., \u00c1d\u00e1m, D., B\u00edr\u00f3, T., and Ol\u00e1h, A. (2019). Cannabinoid Signaling in the Skin: Therapeutic Potential of the \u201cCannabinoid\u201d System. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24050918"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2024.110216","article-title":"The synthetic cannabinoid agonist WIN 55,212-2 reduces experimental pruritus via CB2 receptor activation","volume":"264","author":"Reck","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2011-200314","article-title":"Synthetic cannabinoid ajulemic acid exerts potent antifibrotic effects in experimental models of systemic sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00394","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.394","article-title":"Ajulemic acid: Potential treatment for chronic inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Burstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3813","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14450","article-title":"VCE-004.3, a cannabidiol aminoquinone derivative, prevents bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis and inflammation through PPAR\u03b3- and CB2 receptor-dependent pathways","volume":"175","author":"Cantarero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103233","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptor 2 selective agonist alleviates systemic sclerosis by inhibiting Th2 differentiation through JAK\/SOCS3 signaling","volume":"147","author":"Tian","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70026","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70026","article-title":"A Potential Contribution of S100A11 to Skin Fibrosis and Pulmonary Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Takahashi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179547619855370","DOI":"10.1177\/1179547619855370","article-title":"Dermatomyositis: An Acute Flare and Current Treatments","volume":"12","author":"Okogbaa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diaz, D., Vazquez, T., Kodali, N., Bashir, M.M., Grinnell, M., Dhiman, R., Keyes, E., Dan, J., Kleitsch, J., and Stone, C.J. (J. Investig. Dermatol., 2026). Lenabasum, a cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in dermatomyositis, J. Investig. Dermatol., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2025.12.020"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16498","article-title":"Itch in dermatomyositis: The role of increased skin interleukin-31","volume":"179","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02665-x","article-title":"Cannabinoid type 2 receptor (CB2R) distribution in dermatomyositis skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and in vivo effects of LenabasumTM","volume":"24","author":"Maddukuri","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"97","article-title":"Efficacy and tolerance of the cream containing structured physiological lipids with endocannabinoids in the treatment of uremic pruritus: A preliminary study","volume":"13","author":"Szepietowski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scheau, C., Badarau, I.A., Mihai, L., Scheau, A., Costache, D.O., Constantin, C., Calina, D., Caruntu, C., Costache, R.S., and Caruntu, A. (2020). Cannabinoids in the pathophysiology of skin inflammation. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25030652"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.01.036","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the treatment of chronic pruritus: A review","volume":"82","author":"Avila","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.11.009","article-title":"Endocannabinoids limit excessive mast cell maturation and activation in human skin","volume":"129","author":"Sugawara","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-003-1162-z","article-title":"Histamine induced responses are attenuated by a cannabinoid receptor agonist in human skin","volume":"52","author":"Dvorak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2010.02.015","article-title":"Falcarinol is a covalent cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist and induces pro-allergic effects in skin","volume":"79","author":"Leonti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2224-5","article-title":"CB1 receptors mediate rimonabant-induced pruritic responses in mice: Investigation of locus of action","volume":"216","author":"Schlosburg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13398","article-title":"Involvement of spinal cannabinoid receptors in the antipruritic effects of WIN 55,212-2, a cannabinoid receptor agonist","volume":"43","author":"Bilir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.108.150136","article-title":"Endocannabinoid modulation of scratching response in an acute allergenic model: A new prospective neural therapeutic target for pruritus","volume":"329","author":"Schlosburg","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707133","article-title":"Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists in vitro","volume":"150","author":"Thomas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3992","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-07-6594","article-title":"The cannabinoid receptors are required for Ultraviolet-Induced inflammation and skin cancer development","volume":"68","author":"Zheng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"107","article-title":"The cross-talk between electrophiles, antioxidant defence and the endocannabinoid system in fibroblasts and keratinocytes after UVA and UVB irradiation","volume":"81","author":"Biernacki","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200316116","article-title":"Inhibition of skin tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo by activation of cannabinoid receptors","volume":"111","author":"Casanova","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12082","article-title":"Structure-dependent inhibitory effects of synthetic cannabinoids against 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced inflammation and skin tumour promotion in mice","volume":"65","author":"Nakajima","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2017.01.018","article-title":"Tumor-promoting effects of cannabinoid receptor type 1 in human melanoma cells","volume":"40","author":"Carpi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.33218\/001c.24597","article-title":"Nanotechnology to deliver cannabinoids in dermatology","volume":"4","author":"Adusumilli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Precis. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-013-9493-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids decrease the th17 inflammatory autoimmune phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Kozela","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"100095","article-title":"Cannabinoids for the Treatment of Dermatologic Conditions","volume":"2","author":"Sivesind","year":"2022","journal-title":"JID Innov. Ski. Sci. Mol. Popul. Health"},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"e93","article-title":"A therapeutic effect of cbd-enriched ointment in inflammatory skin diseases and cutaneous scars","volume":"170","author":"Stella","year":"2019","journal-title":"La Clin. Ter."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.36849\/JDD.2020.5229","article-title":"Topical cannabinoids for the management of psoriasis vulgaris: Report of a case and review of the literature","volume":"19","author":"Friedman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.59796\/jcst.V14N1.2024.6","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of topical cannabis for the treatment of psoriasis: A preliminary clinical evaluation of two different formulations","volume":"14","author":"Charoenying","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Curr. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604448","DOI":"10.1080\/09546634.2025.2604448","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of cannabidiol oil in psoriasis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"37","author":"Roongpisuthipong","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Treat."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"80","article-title":"Topical adelmidrol 2% emulsion, a novel aliamide, in the treatment of mild atopic dermatitis in pediatric subjects: A pilot study","volume":"15","author":"Pulvirenti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Dermatovenerol. Croat."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.2007.02351.x","article-title":"Adjuvant treatment of atopic eczema: Assessment of an emollient containing N-palmitoylethanolamine (ATOPA study)","volume":"22","author":"Eberlein","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.5070\/D3272052393","article-title":"Assessing the effects of topical cannabidiol in patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"27","author":"Maghfour","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14263","article-title":"Novel cannabidiol aspartame combination treatment (JW-100) significantly reduces ISGA score in atopic dermatitis: Results from a randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled interventional study","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1159\/000510896","article-title":"Efficacy and Tolerability of a Shampoo Containing Broad-Spectrum Cannabidiol in the Treatment of Scalp Inflammation in Patients with Mild to Moderate Scalp Psoriasis or Seborrheic Dermatitis","volume":"6","author":"Vincenzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ski. Appendage Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Botanix Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (2025, December 31). Study of the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of BTX 1204 in Patients with Moderate Atopic Dermatitis Identifier: NCT03824405, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03824405."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"208","article-title":"Use of a Palmitoylethanolamide-Containing nonsteroidal cream for treating atopic dermatitis: Impact on the duration of response and time between flares","volume":"20","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1159\/000536670","article-title":"Efficacy of topical palmitoylethanolamide (Levagen+) for the management of eczema symptoms: A Double-Blind, Comparator-Controlled, randomized clinical trial","volume":"36","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ski. Pharmacol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv43026","DOI":"10.2340\/actadv.v105.43026","article-title":"Long-term Progressive Improvement of Atopic Dermatitis by an Herbal Emollient Plus Combination in a 12-week Clinical Trial","volume":"105","author":"Herrmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1684\/ejd.2024.4738","article-title":"An oil-in-water emulsion containing a combination of ginger extract and synthetic cannabidiol with potent in vitro anti-inflammatory effects alleviates symptoms of atopic dermatitis in a clinical trial","volume":"34","author":"Neubauer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1007\/s00105-006-1180-1","article-title":"Topische Cannabinoidagonisten","volume":"57","author":"Reinhardt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Der Hautarzt"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-2593","article-title":"Efficacy of Body Lotion Containing N-palmitoylethanolamine in Subjects with Chronic Pruritus due to Dry Skin: A Dermatocosmetic Study","volume":"97","author":"Visse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_123","unstructured":"(2025, September 06). Evaluation of BTX 1503 in Patients with Moderate to Severe Acne Vulgaris, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03573518."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"(2025, September 06). Full Spectrum Hemp Observational Study, Available online: https:\/\/www.clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT04730414."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e224","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13545","article-title":"Self-initiated use of topical cannabidiol oil for epidermolysis bullosa","volume":"35","author":"Chelliah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41294","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of Lenabasum in a phase II, randomized, Placebo-Controlled trial in adults with systemic sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Spiera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.980","article-title":"Potent Anti-Inflammatory and Pro-Resolving effects of anabasum in a human model of Self-Resolving acute inflammation","volume":"104","author":"Motwani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2017.05.035","article-title":"Cannabinoid reduces inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-A, and type I interferons in dermatomyositis in vitro","volume":"137","author":"Robinson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_129","unstructured":"(2025, August 21). Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of JBT-101 in Subjects with Dermatomyositis, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT02466243."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2024.100311","article-title":"Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Lenabasum, a Cannabinoid Receptor Type 2 Agonist, in Patients with Dermatomyositis with Refractory Skin Disease: Follow-up Data from a 3-Year Open-Label Extension Study","volume":"5","author":"Stone","year":"2024","journal-title":"JID Innov."},{"key":"ref_131","unstructured":"(2025, August 21). Trial to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Lenabasum in Dermatomyositis (DETERMINE), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT03813160."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-92001-z","article-title":"Diverse Lenabasum pathway activation in dermatomyositis patients\u2019 blood","volume":"15","author":"Kodali","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"105","article-title":"OP0126 A phase 2 study of safety and efficacy of anabasum (JBT-101) in systemic sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Spiera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oral Present."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1002\/art.42510","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Lenabasum, a Cannabinoid Type 2 Receptor Agonist, in a Phase 3 Randomized Trial in Diffuse Cutaneous Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"75","author":"Spiera","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_135","first-page":"217","article-title":"Cannabis sativa as a Potential Treatment for Systemic Sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Nogueira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J. IMAJ"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002466","article-title":"Cannabidiol treatment in hand osteoarthritis and psoriatic arthritis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"163","author":"Vela","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_137","unstructured":"(2025, September 06). Evaluation of the Efficacy of CANNABIDIOL on the Pruritus in Children with Hereditary Epidermolysis Bullosa (EBCBD), Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT05651607?a=3."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17341","article-title":"Combined tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol to treat pain in epidermolysis bullosa: A report of three cases","volume":"180","author":"Duipmans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.200790152","article-title":"Human Cannabinoid Pharmacokinetics","volume":"4","author":"Huestis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biodivers."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"MacCallum, C.A., Eadie, L., Barr, A.M., Boivin, M., and Lu, S. (2021). Practical Strategies Using Medical Cannabis to Reduce Harms Associated with Long Term Opioid Use in Chronic Pain. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.633168"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2017-0758","article-title":"Evaluation of long-term stability of cannabinoids in standardized preparations of cannabis flowering tops and cannabis oil by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"56","author":"Pacifici","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2024.0127","article-title":"Classification of Cannabis Strains Based on their Chemical Fingerprint-A Broad Analysis of Chemovars in the German Market","volume":"10","author":"Herwig","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costa, M.D.C., Gomes, A.P., Vinhas, I., Rosa, J., Pereira, F., Moniz, S., Gon\u00e7alves, E.M., Pestana, M., Silva, M., and Rodrigues, L.M. (2025). Process Development for GMP-Grade Full Extract Cannabis Oil: Towards Standardized Medicinal Use. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17070848"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2025.106644","article-title":"Medical cannabis and the hype cycle: Clinical evidence and future directions","volume":"146","author":"Abuhasira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, S.A., Maguire, R.F., Yates, A.S., and O\u2019Sullivan, S.E. (2020). Towards better delivery of cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090219"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.116454","article-title":"Advanced multifunctional nano-lipid carrier loaded gel for targeted delivery of 5-flurouracil and cannabidiol against non-melanoma skin cancer","volume":"233","author":"Hasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.12.036","article-title":"Encapsulation of cannabidiol in oil-in-water nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion-filled hydrogels: A structure and biological assessment study","volume":"634","author":"Demisli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00044","article-title":"Micelles-in-Liposome Systems Obtained by Proliposomal Approach for Cannabidiol Delivery: Structural Features and Skin Penetration","volume":"20","author":"Ricci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121036","article-title":"Development and optimisation of biopharmaceutical properties of a new microemulgel of cannabidiol for locally-acting dermatological delivery","volume":"607","author":"Vanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loruthai, O., Vimolmangkang, S., and Klinngam, W. (2025). Application of Cannabidiol Nanoemulsion for Skin Protection Against Particulate Matter: Evidence from an Ex Vivo Human Model. Colloids Interfaces, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/colloids10010006"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Momekova, D., Danov, Y., Momekov, G., Ivanov, E., and Petrov, P. (2021). Polysaccharide Cryogels Containing \u03b2-Cyclodextrin for the Delivery of Cannabidiol. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13111774"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Momekova, D., Ivanov, E., Konstantinov, S., Ublekov, F., and Petrov, P.D. (2020). Nanocomposite Cryogel Carriers from 2-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose Network and Cannabidiol-Loaded Polymeric Micelles for Sustained Topical Delivery. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12051172"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2022.118993","article-title":"Pickering emulsions stabilized with chitosan\/gum Arabic particles: Effect of chitosan degree of deacetylation on the physicochemical properties and cannabidiol (CBD) topical delivery","volume":"355","author":"Sharkawy","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112560","article-title":"A cannabidiol-containing alginate based hydrogel as novel multifunctional wound dressing for promoting wound healing","volume":"134","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khabir, Z., Partalis, C., Panchal, J.V., Deva, A., Khatri, A., and Garcia-Bennett, A. (2023). Enhanced Skin Penetration of Cannabidiol Using Organosilane Particles as Transdermal Delivery Vehicles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030798"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radwan-Prag\u0142owska, J., Janus, \u0141., Pi\u0105tkowski, M., Sierakowska, A., Szajna, E., Mat\u00fdsek, D., and Bogda\u0142, D. (2021). Development of Stimuli-Responsive Chitosan\/ZnO NPs Transdermal Systems for Controlled Cannabidiol Delivery. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13020211"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2018181445","article-title":"Focused Ultrasound Hyperthermia for Targeted Drug Release from Thermosensitive Liposomes: Results from a Phase I Trial","volume":"291","author":"Gray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"x170276","DOI":"10.1107\/S2414314617002760","article-title":"Cannabidiol revisited","volume":"2","author":"Mayr","year":"2017","journal-title":"IUCrData"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121003","article-title":"Characterization of nanoparticles made of ethyl cellulose and stabilizing lipids: Mode of manufacturing, size modulation, and study of their effect on keratinocytes","volume":"607","author":"Zamansky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2019.03.070","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded microspheres incorporated into osteoconductive scaffold enhance mesenchymal stem cell recruitment and regeneration of critical-sized bone defects","volume":"101","author":"Kamali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202304373","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.202304373","article-title":"One-Step synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using cannabidiol: Characterisation and cytotoxicity assessment in human keratinocyte cells","volume":"9","author":"Josiah","year":"2024","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29078","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.1c04303","article-title":"Cannabidiol-Mediated Green Synthesis, Characterization, and Cytotoxicity of Metal Nanoparticles in Human Keratinocyte Cells","volume":"6","author":"Josiah","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02345-5","article-title":"Examining the Systemic Bioavailability of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol from a Novel Transdermal Delivery System in Healthy Adults: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Exploratory Study","volume":"40","author":"Varadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/469\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T04:17:23Z","timestamp":1777004243000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/469"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]},"references-count":163,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18040469"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040469","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,12]]}}}