{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:59:46Z","timestamp":1785437986592,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776038400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R142"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PNURSP2026R142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R142"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05b0cyh02","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Onion (Allium cepa) peems are an underutilized by-product rich in polyphenols. This study evaluated the physicochemical profile, and bioactive potential (antidiabetic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticoagulant) of Moroccan red onion peels using integrated in vivo, in vitro, and in silico approaches. Methods: Moisture, pH, ash content, and mineral elements were determined, followed by phytochemical screening and three extractions: decoction E0, aqueous Soxhlet E1, and hydroethanolic Soxhlet E2 (70\/30; ethanol\/water, v\/v). The measurement of polyphenols, flavonoids, and tannins was carried out using colorimetric methods, while the molecular profile was studied by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ultraviolet detection and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC\/UV-ESI-MS). Biological activities were determined using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power, and total antioxidant capacity assays (in vitro antioxidant); microdilution (antimicrobial); prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time (anticoagulant); and \u03b1-amylase\/\u03b1-glucosidase enzymatic inhibition and oral glucose tolerance tests on normoglycemic rats. Also, acute toxicity was evaluated, and molecular interactions between these proteins and ligands (docking, molecular dynamics, and MM-PBSA) were analyzed. Results: Physicochemical analyses showed an acidic pH (3.06) and high ash content (15.21%), with the concentration of regulated elements remaining within FAO\/WHO limits. The extractive content was between 6.90% E0 and 19.18% E2. The E1 extract had the maximum amount of total polyphenols (178.95 mg GAE\/g); on the other hand, E2 was the richest in flavonoids by 121.43 mg QE\/g. The HPLC\/ESI-MS analysis of E0 revealed 20 compounds, among which flavonoids (84.93%) were predominant, with isorhamnetin (30.26%), followed by quercetin and its glycosylated forms. E1 showed the most potent antioxidant effects (IC50 DPPH, 22.38 \u00b5g\/mL, as that of ascorbic acid). The antibacterial activity of E0 was especially potent towards Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC 75 \u00b5g\/mL). A mild dose-dependent anticoagulant effect was seen. Antidiabetic activity was found to be outstanding: \u03b1-amylase (IC50 62.75 \u00b5g\/mL) and \u03b1-glucosidase (IC50 8.49 \u00b5g\/mL, stronger than acarbose) inhibitions were corroborated in vivo by a considerable decrease in the glycemic area under the curve. The molecular docking study in silico demonstrated strong molecular interactions, especially for quercetin 4\u2032-O-glucoside with good binding energies. Conclusions: A. cepa peels from Morocco can be considered a safe plant matrix containing bioactive flavonoids with strong antioxidant and selective antimicrobial activities and promising antidiabetic effects, supported by molecular modeling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T08:14:17Z","timestamp":1776154457000},"page":"476","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Allium cepa L. Peels: Phytochemical Characterization and Bioactive Potential in Infectious and Metabolic Contexts (In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9036-5289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aziz","family":"Drioiche","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Higher Institute of Nursing and Health Techniques of Fez, Regional Health Directorate Fez-Meknes, El Ghassani Hospital, Fez 30000, Morocco"},{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6489-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bshra A.","family":"Alsfouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4706-4311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omkulthom","family":"Al kamaly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laila","family":"Bouqbis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ecosystems and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir 80000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-5558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelhakim","family":"Elomri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSA Rouen Normandy and CNRS, Laboratory of Organic, Bioorganic Chemistry, Reactivity and Analysis (COBRA-UMR 6014), Medical University of Rouen Normandy, 76000 Rouen, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Touriya","family":"Zair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Team of Chemistry of Bioactive Molecules and the Environment, Laboratory of Innovative Materials and Biotechnology of Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences, Moulay Isma\u00efl University, B.P. 11201 Zitoune, Meknes 50070, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bedir, A.S., Almasri, R.S., Azar, Y.O., Elnady, R.E., and Al Raish, S.M. (2025). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Allium cepa and Allium sativum Extracts: Current Strategies, Emerging Applications, and Sustainability Utilization. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14081088"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Berm\u00fadez, A., Mart\u00edn, J., Unver, T., Hern\u00e1ndez, P., and Dorado, G. (2022). A Review on Allium Biodiversity. Edible Alliums: Botany, Production and Uses, CABI."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pareek, S., Sagar, N.A., Sharma, S., and Kumar, V. (2017). Onion (Allium cepa L.). Fruit and Vegetable Phytochemicals, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119158042.ch58"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Q., Yang, Y., Liu, F., Li, Y., Yao, H., Peng, D., and Hu, X. (2025). Morphological and Molecular Characterization and Life Cycle of Meloidogyne Graminicola Infecting Allium Cepa. Agronomy, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy15081994"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Benicio, G.M., Aguirre-Mancilla, C.L., Arreola-Tostado, J.M., and Aguado-Santacruz, G.A. (2025). Growth, Health, Quality, and Production of Onions (Allium cepa L.) Inoculated with Systemic Biological Products. Microorganisms, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13040797"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/fft2.135","article-title":"Onion (Allium cepa L.) Bioactives: Chemistry, Pharmacotherapeutic Functions, and Industrial Applications","volume":"3","author":"Sagar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Front."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"3","article-title":"Onion (Allium cepa) and Its Main Constituents as Antidotes or Protective Agents against Natural or Chemical Toxicities: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"20","author":"Dorrigiv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benke, A.P., Mokat, D., and Mahajan, V. (2025). Biochemical Diversity in Allium Species: Key Metabolite Profiles for Breeding and Bioprospecting. Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1618572"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2021.1874028","article-title":"A Review of Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of Allium cepa and Its Main Constituents","volume":"59","author":"Marefati","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e162031","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-162031","article-title":"Biomolecular Insights Into the Antifungal Activity of Allium Species Constituents: From Mechanisms to Applications","volume":"24","author":"Eslami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8406","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2025.2500674","article-title":"Developing Organosulfur Compounds in Allium as the Next-Generation Flavor and Bioactive Ingredients for Food and Medicine","volume":"65","author":"Dai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2009.02169.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Crude Onion (Allium cepa L.) Extracts","volume":"45","author":"Santas","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6642585","DOI":"10.1155\/jfpp\/6642585","article-title":"Assessing Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel Extract as an Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agent for Ice Storage of Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fillets","volume":"2025","author":"Ha","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chaurasia, P.K., Bharati, S.L., Joshi, P., Singh, S., Kumari, R., Singh, A., Kamble, R.D., Shelke, D.B., and Patel, V.K. (2025). Onion (Allium Cepa L.): Chemistry and Pharmacology. Exploration of the Medicinal Potential of Kitchen Ingredients, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003559894-7"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Houssni, M., Kassout, J., El Mahroussi, M., Chakkour, S., Kadiri, M., Ater, M., and Petrisor, A.-I. (2023). Evaluation and Structuring of Agrodiversity in Oases Agroecosystems of Southern Morocco. Agriculture, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture13071413"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Outourakhte, A., Gharnit, Y., Moujane, A., El Haddany, K., Hasib, A., and Boulli, A. (2025). The Floristic Composition and Phytoecological Characterization of Plant Communities in the M\u2019Goun Geopark, High Atlas, Morocco. Ecologies, 6.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.0129.v1"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.15421\/012445","article-title":"Unveiling Floristic Diversity in the High Atlas: Insights from a Protected Reserve in a Global Mediterranean Biodiversity Hotspot","volume":"32","author":"Elgadi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biosyst. Divers."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1258\/la.2012.150312","article-title":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th Edn)","volume":"46","author":"Albus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lab Anim."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"\u00c9pices et Aromates\u2013D\u00e9termination de la Teneur en Eau\u2013M\u00e9thode par Entra\u00eenement (Standard No. AFNOR NF V03-402). Available online: https:\/\/www.boutique.afnor.org\/fr-fr\/norme\/nf-v03402\/epices-et-aromates-determination-de-la-teneur-en-eau-methode-par-entraineme\/fa032462\/325."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saidi, S., Remok, F., Handaq, N., Drioiche, A., Gourich, A.A., Menyiy, N.E., Amalich, S., Elouardi, M., Touijer, H., and Bouhrim, M. (2023). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antidiabetic Activities of Ajuga iva (L.). Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13051165"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2022). 2022 Animal Feeding Stuffs\u2014Determination of Crude Ash (Standard No. ISO 5984)."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2017). Animal Feeding Stuffs: Methods of Sampling and Analysis-Determination of Calcium, Sodium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Potassium, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Cobalt, Molybdenum and Lead by ICP-AES (Standard No. LST EN 15510:2017). Available online: https:\/\/www.boutique.afnor.org\/norme\/nf-en-17053\/aliments-des-animaux-methodes-d-echantillonnage-et-d-analyse-dosage-par-icp-ms-multimethode-des-elements-traces-metaux-lo\/article\/872030\/fa188001."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Skujins, S. (1998). Handbook for ICP-AES (Varian-Vista), Varian Int. AG. A short guide to vista series ICP-AES operation. Version 1."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"61","article-title":"Screening Phytochimique d\u2019une End\u00e9mique Iberomarocaine, Thymelaea lythroides","volume":"142","author":"Dohou","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull.-Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Pharm. Bordx."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Judith, M.D. (2005). \u00c9tude Phytochimique et Pharmacologique de Cassia nigricans Vhal (Caeslpiniaceae) Utilis\u00e9e Dans Le Traitement Des Dermatoses Au Tchad. [Ph.D. Thesis, Th\u00e8se de Pharmacie, Universit\u00e9 de Bamako]."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2007.01.011","article-title":"Investigation of the Mutagenic and Antimutagenic Effects of Origanum compactum Essential Oil and Some of Its Constituents","volume":"629","author":"Mezzoug","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"217","article-title":"Etude Ethnobotanique et Sceening Phtochimque de Caesalpina benthamiana (Ball). Herend et Zarucchi (Caesalpiniaceae)","volume":"4","author":"Bekro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bruneton, J. (2009). Pharmacognosie: Phytochimie, Plantes M\u00e9dicinales, Tec & Doc Lavoisier. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Screening Phytochimique de Quelques Plantes M\u00e9dicinales Ivoiriennes Utilis\u00e9es En Pays Krobou (Agboville, C\u00f4te-d\u2019Ivoire)","volume":"6","author":"Kadja","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.5344\/ajev.1965.16.3.144","article-title":"Colorimetry of Total Phenolics with Phosphomolybdic-Phosphotungstic Acid Reagents","volume":"16","author":"Singleton","year":"1965","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Vitic."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2008.10.005","article-title":"Total Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity of Wheat Graded Flours by Polishing Method","volume":"42","author":"Hung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2005.04.028","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity of Some Algerian Medicinal Plants Extracts Containing Phenolic Compounds","volume":"97","author":"Djeridane","year":"2006","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1021\/jf60219a031","article-title":"A Critical Evaluation of the Vanillin Reaction as an Assay for Tannin in Sorghum Grain","volume":"26","author":"Price","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1039\/a706862j","article-title":"Improved Method for Measuring Hydrolyzable Tannins Using Potassium Iodate","volume":"123","author":"Willis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(95)80008-5","article-title":"Use of a Free Radical Method to Evaluate Antioxidant Activity","volume":"28","author":"Cuvelier","year":"1995","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1993","article-title":"Phytochemical Study, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts of Capparis spinosa L.","volume":"8","author":"Tagnaout","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol. Phytochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.05.025","article-title":"Evaluation of Antioxidant Activities and Phenolic Content of Berberis vulgaris L. and Berberis Croatica Horvat","volume":"48","author":"Kremer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.5264\/eiyogakuzashi.44.307","article-title":"Studies on Products of Browning Reaction. Antioxidative Activities of Products of Browning Reaction Prepared from Glucosamine","volume":"6","author":"Oyaizu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Jpn. J. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8585313","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8585313","article-title":"Correlation of Total Polyphenolic Content with Antioxidant Activity of Hydromethanolic Extract and Their Fractions of the Salvia Officinalis Leaves from Different Regions of Morocco","volume":"2021","author":"Khiya","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwalbe, R., Steele-Moore, L., and Goodwin, A.C. (2007). Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocols, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420014495"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"197","article-title":"Chemical Analysis of Volatile Constituents of Pulicaria Mauritanica Isolated by Hydrodistillation and Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction Techniques. Antimicrobial Activity of Its Essential Oil","volume":"7","author":"Lboumhamdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e00143","article-title":"Effect of Extraction Methods on Antioxidant and Anticoagulant Activities of Thymus atlanticus Aerial Part","volume":"5","author":"Hmidani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Afr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2020.09.020","article-title":"Inhibitory Effect of Roasted\/Unroasted Argania spinosa Seeds Oil on \u03b1-Glucosidase, \u03b1-Amylase and Intestinal Glucose Absorption Activities","volume":"135","author":"Daoudi","year":"2020","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatsumpun, N., Sritularak, B., and Likhitwitayawuid, K. (2017). New Biflavonoids with \u03b1-Glucosidase and Pancreatic Lipase Inhibitory Activities from Boesenbergia Rotunda. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22111862"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111865","article-title":"Syringaldehyde Promoting Intestinal Motility with Suppressing \u03b1-Amylase Hinders Starch Digestion in Diabetic Mice","volume":"141","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20291","article-title":"GROMACS: Fast, Flexible, and Free","volume":"26","author":"Lindahl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.1021\/ci500020m","article-title":"G_mmpbsa\u2014A GROMACS Tool for High-Throughput MM-PBSA Calculations","volume":"54","author":"Kumari","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chem. Inf. Model."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dasmahapatra, U., Kumar, C.K., Das, S., Subramanian, P.T., Murali, P., Isaac, A.E., Ramanathan, K., Mm, B., and Chanda, K. (2022). In-Silico Molecular Modelling, MM\/GBSA Binding Free Energy and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Study of Novel Pyrido Fused Imidazo[4,5-c]Quinolines as Potential Anti-Tumor Agents. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.991369"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and the World Health Organization (FAO\/WHO) (2009). Principles and Methods for the Risk Assessment of Chemicals in Food: Environmental Health Criteria 240, World Health Organization & Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Available online: https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=Principles+and+Methods+for+the+Risk+Assessment+of+Chemicals+in+Food:+Environmental+Health+Criteria+240&author=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+of+the+United+Nations+and+the+World+Health+Organization+(FAO\/WHO)&publication_year=2009."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112455","article-title":"Food-Derived Non-Phenolic \u03b1-Amylase and \u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitors for Controlling Starch Digestion Rate and Guiding Diabetes-Friendly Recipes","volume":"153","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simal-Gandara, J., Agarwal, T., Esteki, M., Gomez-Zavaglia, A., and Xiao, J. (2021). Re-Valorization of Food Losses and Food Co-Products. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.779734"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04338","article-title":"Effects of Drying Temperature and Relative Humidity on the Quality of Dried Onion Slice","volume":"6","author":"Sasongko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70506","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70506","article-title":"Investigating the Encapsulation Efficiency and Stability of Purple Onion Peel Anthocyanin: Effects of Storage Conditions","volume":"90","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samota, M.K., Sharma, M., Kaur, K., Yadav, D.K., Pandey, A.K., Tak, Y., Rawat, M., Thakur, J., and Rani, H. (2022). Onion Anthocyanins: Extraction, Stability, Bioavailability, Dietary Effect, and Health Implications. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.917617"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6512","DOI":"10.1021\/jf800282h","article-title":"Organic Acid Contents in Onion Cultivars (Allium cepa L.)","volume":"56","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.131918","article-title":"Influence of the Extraction Method on the Recovery of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Food Industry By-Products","volume":"378","author":"Romero","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"2153","article-title":"Characterization of Domestic Onion Wastes and Bulb (Allium cepa L.): Fatty Acids and Metal Contents","volume":"20","author":"Bello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Chu, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, J., Li, S., Li, H., Zhang, Z., Zhang, F., and Shi, Z. (2025). Heavy Metal Source Apportionment, Environmental Capacity, and Health Risk Assessment in Agricultural Soils of a Rice-Growing Watershed in Eastern China. Agriculture, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture15212275"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"48","article-title":"A Systematic Review of Heavy Metals in Irrigation Water and Their Effects on Agricultural Soil Quality and Crop Production in Ghana","volume":"13","author":"Victoria","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Geosci. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2007). WHO Guidelines for Assessing Quality of Herbal Medicines with Reference to Contaminants and Residues, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falcone Ferreyra, M.L., Rius, S., and Casati, P. (2012). Flavonoids: Biosynthesis, Biological Functions, and Biotechnological Applications. Front. Plant Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2012.00222"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"114","article-title":"Flavonoids and Condensed Tannins in Leaves, Stems and Thorns of A. spinosa L. Skeels Using Histolocalisation and Thin Layer Chromatography","volume":"3","author":"Bihi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anal. Sci. Appl. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha46110992","article-title":"Flavonoids: Antioxidant Compounds for Plant Defence... and for a Healthy Human Diet","volume":"46","author":"Vicente","year":"2018","journal-title":"Not. Bot. Horti Agrobot. Cluj-Napoca"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.001","article-title":"Alkaloids: An Overview of Their Antibacterial, Antibiotic-Enhancing and Antivirulence Activities","volume":"44","author":"Cushnie","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.133757","article-title":"Inhibition Mechanism of Different Structural Polyphenols against \u03b1-Amylase Studied by Solid-State NMR and Molecular Docking","volume":"275","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cory, H., Passarelli, S., Szeto, J., Tamez, M., and Mattei, J. (2018). The Role of Polyphenols in Human Health and Food Systems: A Mini-Review. Front. Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2018.00087"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1002\/open.201700113","article-title":"Tannins and Their Complex Interaction with Different Organic Nitrogen Compounds and Enzymes: Old Paradigms versus Recent Advances","volume":"6","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"ChemistryOpen"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0022-0_29","article-title":"The Inhibition of Digestive Enzymes by Polyphenolic Compounds","volume":"199","author":"Griffiths","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalaskar, M., Yele, S.U., Ayyanar, M., Gurav, N., Beldar, V., and Surana, S.J. (2025). Methods of Extraction. Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781394203680.ch07"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tzanova, M., Atanasov, V., Yaneva, Z., Ivanova, D., and Dinev, T. (2020). Selectivity of Current Extraction Techniques for Flavonoids from Plant Materials. Processes, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8101222"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-018-0177-x","article-title":"Techniques for Extraction and Isolation of Natural Products: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Srivastava, N., Singh, A., Kumari, P., Nishad, J., Gautam, V., Yadav, M., Bharti, R., Kumar, D., and Kharwar, R. (2021). Advances in Extraction Technologies: Isolation and Purification of Bioactive Compounds from Biological Materials. Natural Bioactive Compounds, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-820655-3.00021-5"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70105","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.70105","article-title":"Uncovering the Key Factors Influencing Phytochemical and Phytopharmacological Properties During Medicinal Plant Processing","volume":"7","author":"Aryakia","year":"2026","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.03.002","article-title":"Morphological, Nutritional and Chemical Description of \u201cVatikiotiko\u201d, an Onion Local Landrace from Greece","volume":"182","author":"Petropoulos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(02)00476-4","article-title":"Comparison of Antioxidant Activities of Onion and Garlic Extracts by Inhibition of Lipid Peroxidation and Radical Scavenging Activity","volume":"81","author":"Nuutila","year":"2003","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_76","first-page":"145","article-title":"Comparative Phytochemical Analysis and Use of Some Nigerian Spices","volume":"11","author":"Akeem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hrvat. \u010dasopis Prehrambenu Tehnol. Biotehnol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.04.105","article-title":"Determination of Total Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Onion (Allium cepa) and Shallot (Allium oschaninii) Using Infrared Spectroscopy","volume":"129","author":"Lu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.17221\/566\/2012-CJFS","article-title":"Comparison of Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Capacity of Red and Yellow Onions","volume":"31","author":"Cheng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"435","article-title":"Antioxidant, Radical Scavenging and Antimicrobial Activities of Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin and Edible Part Extracts","volume":"23","author":"Bezjak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Biochem. Eng. Q."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.02.004","article-title":"Polyphenolics from Various Extracts\/Fractions of Red Onion (Allium cepa) Peel with Potent Antioxidant and Antimutagenic Activities","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"16","article-title":"Genotypic Difference in Growth and Yield Related Traits of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties at Southern Tigray","volume":"3","author":"Gebremeskel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"272","article-title":"Evaluation and Comparison of the Content of Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity in Onion, Garlic and Leek","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Slovak J. Food Sci.\/Potravin."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soto, V.C., Gonzalez, R.E., Sance, M.M., and Galmarini, C.R. (2015, January 21\u201325). Organosulfur and Phenolic Content of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and Onion (Allium cepa L.) and Its Relationship with Antioxidant Activity. Proceedings of the VII International Symposium on Edible Alliaceae 1143, Ni\u011fde, Turkey.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.2016.1143.39"},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"30","article-title":"The Phytochemicals of Onion as Affected by Inorganic Fertilizer International","volume":"1","author":"Abuga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Online J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.17221\/3876-HORTSCI","article-title":"Total Polyphenol and Main Flavonoid Antioxidants in Different Onion (Allium cepa L.) Varieties","volume":"30","author":"Lachman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hortic. Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.2478\/v10032-012-0019-9","article-title":"Influence of Storage Conditions on Flavonoids Content and Antioxidant Activity of Selected Shallot (Allium cepa Var. Ascalonicum Backer) Hybrid Cultivars","volume":"77","author":"Pudzianowska","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Fruit. Ornam. Plant Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciardi, M., Ianni, F., Sardella, R., Di Bona, S., Cossignani, L., Germani, R., Tiecco, M., and Clementi, C. (2021). Effective and Selective Extraction of Quercetin from Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Waste Using Water Dilutions of Acid-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14216465"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2021.112327","article-title":"Spiraeoside Extracted from Red Onion Skin Ameliorates Apoptosis and Exerts Potent Antitumor, Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Effects","volume":"154","author":"Nile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2733","DOI":"10.1021\/jf048152r","article-title":"Flavonol Glucoside Profile of Southern Italian Red Onion (Allium cepa L.)","volume":"53","author":"Bonaccorsi","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112498","article-title":"Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peels: A Review on Bioactive Compounds and Biomedical Activities","volume":"146","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.09.003","article-title":"Antioxidant Capacity and Major Phenol Compounds of Horticultural Plant Materials Not Usually Used","volume":"38","author":"Burri","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and HPLC Quantitative Profiling of Phytochemical Compounds in Yemeni Red Onion Peels (Allium cepa L.)","volume":"3","author":"Senan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sana\u2019a Univ. J. Appl. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredotovi\u0107, \u017d., \u0160prung, M., Soldo, B., Ljubenkov, I., Budi\u0107-Leto, I., Bilu\u0161i\u0107, T., \u010cike\u0161-\u010culi\u0107, V., and Puizina, J. (2017). Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Allium cepa L. and Allium \u00d7 cornutum (Clementi ex Visiani 1842) Methanolic Extracts. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201701.0084.v1"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-011-0076-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Effects of Onion Peel Extracted by the Subcritical Water","volume":"20","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-011-0149-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effects of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Peel Extracts Produced via Subcritical Water Extraction against Bacillus cereus Strains as Compared with Ethanolic and Hot Water Extraction","volume":"20","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wasman.2021.03.033","article-title":"Waste Streams in Onion Production: Bioactive Compounds, Quercetin and Use of Antimicrobial and Antioxidative Properties","volume":"126","author":"Skrt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Waste Manag."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fredotovi\u0107, \u017d., Puizina, J., Nazli\u0107, M., Maravi\u0107, A., Ljubenkov, I., Soldo, B., Vuko, E., and Baji\u0107, D. (2021). Phytochemical Characterization and Screening of Antioxidant, Antimicrobial and Antiproliferative Properties of Allium \u00d7 cornutum Clementi and Two Varieties of Allium cepa L. Peel Extracts. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10050832"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almatroudi, A. (2025). Biofilm Resilience: Molecular Mechanisms Driving Antibiotic Resistance in Clinical Contexts. Biology, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology14020165"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekwueme, C.T., Anyiam, I.V., Ekwueme, D.C., Anumudu, C.K., and Onyeaka, H. (2025). Reconstructing the Antibiotic Pipeline: Natural Alternatives to Antibacterial Agents. Biomolecules, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom15081182"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drioiche, A., Baammi, S., Zibouh, K., Al Kamaly, O., Alnakhli, A.M., Remok, F., Saidi, S., Amaiach, R., El Makhoukhi, F., and Elomri, A. (2024). A Study of the Synergistic Effects of Essential Oils from Origanum compactum and Origanum elongatum with Commercial Antibiotics against Highly Prioritized Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria for the World Health Organization. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14040210"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Teixeira, A., S\u00e1nchez-Hern\u00e1ndez, E., Noversa, J., Cunha, A., Cortez, I., Marques, G., Mart\u00edn-Ramos, P., and Oliveira, R. (2023). Antifungal Activity of Plant Waste Extracts against Phytopathogenic Fungi: Allium sativum Peels Extract as a Promising Product Targeting the Fungal Plasma Membrane and Cell Wall. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9020136"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elenany, A.M., Atia, M.M.M., Abbas, E.E.A., Moustafa, M., Alshaharni, M.O., Negm, S., and Elnahal, A.S.M.A. (2024). Nanoparticles and Chemical Inducers: A Sustainable Shield against Onion White Rot. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13040219"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.29244\/jsdh.10.4.157-161","article-title":"Antifungal Activity of Endophytic Bacteria Isolated from Dayak Onion (Eleutherine bulbosa) Against Candida albicans","volume":"10","author":"Krestina","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sumberd. Hayati"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X.-X., Lin, F.-J., Li, H., Li, H.-B., Wu, D.-T., Geng, F., Ma, W., Wang, Y., Miao, B.-H., and Gan, R.-Y. (2021). Recent Advances in Bioactive Compounds, Health Functions, and Safety Concerns of Onion (Allium cepa L.). Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.669805"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-019-0559-6","article-title":"Review on Plant Antimicrobials: A Mechanistic Viewpoint","volume":"8","author":"Khameneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Resist. Infect. Control"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Rossi, L., Rocchetti, G., Lucini, L., and Rebecchi, A. (2025). Antimicrobial Potential of Polyphenols: Mechanisms of Action and Microbial Responses\u2014A Narrative Review. Antioxidants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14020200"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, S.A., and Morrissey, J.H. (2019). Interactions Between Platelets and the Coagulation System. Platelets, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-813456-6.00021-7"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2007.02516.x","article-title":"Serpins in Thrombosis, Hemostasis and Fibrinolysis","volume":"5","author":"Rau","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celano, R., Docimo, T., Piccinelli, A.L., Gazzerro, P., Tucci, M., Di Sanzo, R., Carabetta, S., Campone, L., Russo, M., and Rastrelli, L. (2021). Onion Peel: Turning a Food Waste into a Resource. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10020304"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.091","article-title":"\u03b1-Glucosidase Inhibitory Effect of Anthocyanins from Cinnamomum camphora Fruit: Inhibition Kinetics and Mechanistic Insights through in Vitro and in Silico Studies","volume":"143","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/1179551420963106","article-title":"Alpha Amylase Inhibitory Potential and Mode of Inhibition of Oils from Allium sativum (Garlic) and Allium cepa (Onion)","volume":"13","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3757","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms12063757","article-title":"Effects of Onion (Allium cepa L.) Extract Administration on Intestinal \u03b1-Glucosidases Activities and Spikes in Postprandial Blood Glucose Levels in SD Rats Model","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gois Ruivo da Silva, M., Skrt, M., Komes, D., Poklar Ulrih, N., and Poga\u010dnik, L. (2020). Enhanced Yield of Bioactivities from Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin and Their Antioxidant and Anti-\u03b1-Amylase Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082909"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-8-18","article-title":"Onion Peel Extracts Ameliorate Hyperglycemia and Insulin Resistance in High Fat Diet\/Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats","volume":"8","author":"Jung","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.127650","article-title":"Novel Insights on the Multi-Functional Properties of Flavonol Glucosides from Red Onion (Allium cepa L) Solid Waste\u2013In Vitro and In Silico Approach","volume":"335","author":"Nile","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sajb.2019.04.019","article-title":"In Silico and In Vitro Approach of Allium cepa and Isolated Quercetin against MDR Bacterial Strains and Mycobacterium Smegmatis","volume":"124","author":"Sharma","year":"2019","journal-title":"S. Afr. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoica, F., Aprodu, I., Enachi, E., St\u0103nciuc, N., Condurache, N.N., Du\u021b\u0103, D.E., Bahrim, G.E., and R\u00e2peanu, G. (2021). Bioactive\u2019s Characterization, Biological Activities, and In Silico Studies of Red Onion (Allium cepa L.) Skin Extracts. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10112330"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/476\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:58:37Z","timestamp":1776412717000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/4\/476"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]},"references-count":117,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18040476"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040476","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]]}}}