{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:09:17Z","timestamp":1785431357824,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["TKP-2021-EGA-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP-2021-EGA-13"]}]},{"name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Office","award":["\u00daNKP-23-4-II-PTE-1742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-23-4-II-PTE-1742"]}]},{"award":["TKP-2021-EGA-13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TKP-2021-EGA-13"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["\u00daNKP-23-4-II-PTE-1742"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["\u00daNKP-23-4-II-PTE-1742"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03g2am276","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of P\u00e9cs Rector\u2019s Scientific Fund","award":["008_2025_PTE_RK\/28"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["008_2025_PTE_RK\/28"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Essential oils (EOs) have multi-target antifungal activity, but their translation is limited by volatility and poor aqueous dispersibility. Randomly methylated \u03b2-cyclodextrin (RAMEB) inclusion may enhance effective exposure and thereby alter susceptibility, stress responses, and biofilm outcomes in a species-dependent manner. This study quantified species-specific planktonic and biofilm susceptibility to four EOs and their RAMEB complexes across clinically relevant Candida species. Methods: Lavender (L), lemon balm (B), peppermint (P), and thyme (T) oils and their RAMEB complexes (RL, RB, RP, and RT) were tested against C. albicans and non-albicans Candida. Susceptibility thresholds were used to derive phase plasticity metrics. Functional inhibition was assessed via planktonic metabolism\/viability and established biofilm metabolism\/viability\/biomass. Mechanistic signatures were captured by ROS\/RNS measurements and a qPCR analysis of antioxidant genes (CAT1, GPX1, and SOD1) was performed. Mixed-effects models and multivariate\/unsupervised and interpretable classification approaches (k-means, PCA, and CRT) were used to integrate endpoints and stratify response phenotypes. Results: Susceptibility thresholds were strongly species-structured (lowest MIC90\/EC10 for C. albicans; higher thresholds and broader sublethal windows in non-albicans species). RAMEB complexation produced formulation-dependent shifts in efficacy, with RT emerging as the most consistent broad-spectrum inhibitory condition across compartments. Biofilm biomass was comparatively insensitive even when viability was suppressed, indicating a decoupling of structural biomass from biocidal activity. Mechanistic signatures were broadly conserved across species and linked to antioxidant-program engagement, with CAT1-related rules contributing to responder\/tolerant classification. Conclusions: Integrating MIC\/EC plasticity with functional and mechanistic markers supports the rational selection of EO formulations; RAMEB complexation, particularly RT, prioritizes candidates for further pharmaceutical optimization while highlighting species-specific vulnerabilities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18040508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T13:22:47Z","timestamp":1776691367000},"page":"508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Species-Specific Susceptibility of Planktonic and Biofilm Forming Candida Strains to Cyclodextrin-Encapsulated Essential Oils"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3753-9689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sourav","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g u. 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, R\u00f3kus u. 2., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0517-6403","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farid","family":"Baradarbarjastehbaf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, R\u00f3kus u. 2., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliz","family":"Szokolics","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, R\u00f3kus u. 2., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9269-534X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e9nesis","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g u. 6, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8531-4070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Gazdag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g u. 6, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9207-2551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandar","family":"Sz\u00e9chenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of P\u00e9cs, R\u00f3kus u. 2., 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Osijek, Ulica cara Hadrijana 8\/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-3347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Attila","family":"Miseta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fat 13, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5298-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kov\u00e1cs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g u. 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fat 13, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"K\u0151szegi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Medicine Research Group, Szent\u00e1gothai Research Center, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g u. 20, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical School, University of P\u00e9cs, Ifj\u00fas\u00e1g \u00fat 13, 7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ933","article-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"62","author":"Pappas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. 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