{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:00:29Z","timestamp":1790272829865,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777507200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Natural polysaccharides have shown considerable potential in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their multi-target metabolic regulatory effects. However, their clinical translation is limited by poor oral stability and low intestinal permeability. Snow lotus polysaccharide (SIP), a representative plant-derived polysaccharide, exhibits promising metabolic benefits but suffers from these delivery barriers. This study aimed to develop an oral nanodelivery system to enhance the gastrointestinal stability and intestinal transport of SIP, thereby improving its in vivo efficacy. Methods: SIP-loaded chitosan\u2013tripolyphosphate nanoparticles (SIP@CS-TPP) were prepared via ionic crosslinking and characterized in terms of particle size, surface charge, morphology, and structural features. In vitro release behavior under simulated gastrointestinal conditions was evaluated. Ex vivo intestinal permeation was assessed using an isolated intestinal sac model. The metabolic regulatory effects were further investigated in a high-fat diet\/streptozotocin-induced T2DM rat model. Results: SIP@CS-TPP nanoparticles exhibited a uniform particle size of 188.9 \u00b1 12.8 nm, a surface charge of 28.3 \u00b1 5.1 mV, and good stability after freeze-drying. A pH-responsive and diffusion-controlled release profile was observed. Ex vivo studies demonstrated significantly enhanced intestinal transport, with an approximately 3.7-fold increase in apparent permeability compared with free SIP. In vivo, SIP@CS-TPP improved glycemic control, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses more effectively than free SIP at the same dose. Conclusions: The CS-TPP nanodelivery system effectively enhances the oral delivery and metabolic regulatory effects of SIP. This study highlights the potential of a delivery-oriented strategy to improve the in vivo performance of natural polysaccharides and provides a promising approach for their application in metabolic disease management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:33:17Z","timestamp":1777627997000},"page":"561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Oral Chitosan\u2013Tripolyphosphate Nanoparticles Enhance the Metabolic Regulatory Effects of Snow Lotus Polysaccharide in Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Shangyi","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiani","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Nursing, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongyang","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huamin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wantong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun GeneScience Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Changchun 130015, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0270-1305","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuangqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Congshu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Yanbian University, Yanji 133000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/561\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T09:36:10Z","timestamp":1777628170000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/561"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18050561"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050561","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]]}}}