{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T06:45:05Z","timestamp":1791614705276,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1A2C1003890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1003890"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022R1G1A1004843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1G1A1004843"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022R1A2C1003890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1A2C1003890"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022R1G1A1004843"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022R1G1A1004843"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Korean government"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Allomyrinasin is a cationic antimicrobial peptide derived from Allomyrina dichotoma larvae with known antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties; however, its effects on migration-related mechanisms in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain poorly understood. This study investigated the anti-migratory potential of allomyrinasin in OSCC cells, focusing on Na+\/HCO3\u2212 cotransporter (NBC) activity as a key migratory module. Methods: NBC activity was assessed in YD-38 OSCC cells treated with allomyrinasin. Cell migration was evaluated by wound healing and Transwell assays, and MMP expression. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), apoptosis-related markers, and lamin A\/C expression were analyzed using fluorescence-based assays and gene expression analysis. Results: Allomyrinasin inhibited NBC activity and suppressed cell migration without substantial loss of cell viability. MMP-13 was selectively downregulated among the tested MMPs. Lamin A\/C expression was markedly upregulated, suggesting enhanced nuclear stiffness that may restrict confined cell migration. Intracellular ROS levels were elevated, and apoptotic progression was confirmed by increased Annexin V\/PI positivity along with downregulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) and upregulation of BCL-2\u2013associated X genes (BAX), through a p53-independent pathway consistent with the TP53-deleted status of YD-38 cells. Conclusions: Allomyrinasin suppresses OSCC cell migration by targeting NBC activity as a key component of the migratory machinery, accompanied by oxidative stress induction and pro-apoptotic signaling. These findings identify allomyrinasin as a potential anti-migratory therapeutic candidate and highlight NBC activity as a promising target for attenuating cancer metastasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:39:34Z","timestamp":1779295174000},"page":"622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Therapeutic Potential of Allomyrinasin in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma via Decreased NBC Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3208-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Septika","family":"Prismasari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6577-2552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyeong Jae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3623-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong Hee","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3725-8868","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jung Yun","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Health Sciences, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S445333","article-title":"Anticancer Mechanisms and Potential Anticancer Applications of Antimicrobial Peptides and Their Nano Agents","volume":"19","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zare-Zardini, H., Saberian, E., Jenca, A., Ghanipour-Meybodi, R., Jenca, A., Petrasova, A., and Jencova, J. (2024). From Defense to Offense: Antimicrobial Peptides as Promising Therapeutics for Cancer. Front. Oncol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2024.1463088"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1809.09031","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Antimicrobial Peptide Allomyrinasin Derived from the Dynastid Beetle, Allomyrina dichotoma","volume":"29","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2022.102355","article-title":"Cationic Antimicrobial Peptide NRC-03 Induces Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Apoptosis via CypD-mPTP Axis-Mediated Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress","volume":"54","author":"Hou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.04.235","article-title":"Marine-Derived Antimicrobial Peptide Piscidin-1 Triggers Extrinsic and Intrinsic Apoptosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Reactive Oxygen Species Production and Inhibits Angiogenesis","volume":"220","author":"Chiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barsouk, A., Aluru, J.S., Rawla, P., Saginala, K., and Barsouk, A. (2023). Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Med. Sci., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci11020042"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-21-1059","article-title":"Hallmarks of Cancer: New Dimensions","volume":"12","author":"Hanahan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Discov."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-021119-034627","article-title":"The Acidic Tumor Microenvironment as a Driver of Cancer","volume":"82","author":"Boedtkjer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-0384-2","article-title":"ROS in Cancer Therapy: The Bright Side of the Moon","volume":"52","author":"Perillo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-023-00628-9","article-title":"How Protons Pave the Way to Aggressive Cancers","volume":"23","author":"Swietach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.09.006","article-title":"Organellar pH as an Emerging Vulnerability to Exploit in Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Galapate","year":"2026","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-019-09784-7","article-title":"Na+,HCO3\u2212 Cotransporter NBCn1 Accelerates Breast Carcinogenesis","volume":"38","author":"Boedtkjer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J., and Hong, J.H. (2024). Multiple Regulatory Signals and Components in the Modulation of Bicarbonate Transporters. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16010078"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3945","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.15068","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species in Cancer: Current Findings and Future Directions","volume":"112","author":"Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105996","DOI":"10.5306\/wjco.v16.i6.105996","article-title":"Regulation of Matrix Metalloproteinase-13 in Cancer: Signaling Pathways and Non-Coding RNAs in Tumor Progression and Therapeutic Targeting","volume":"16","author":"Chidambaram","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-022-02420-9","article-title":"Low Lamin A Levels Enhance Confined Cell Migration and Metastatic Capacity in Breast Cancer","volume":"41","author":"Bell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2013.11.004","article-title":"Broken Nuclei\u2014Lamins, Nuclear Mechanics, and Disease","volume":"24","author":"Davidson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46635","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16743","article-title":"Antimicrobial Peptides with Selective Antitumor Mechanisms: Prospect for Anticancer Applications","volume":"8","author":"Deslouches","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-024-10621-x","article-title":"Exploring Therapeutic Potential: A Comprehensive Review of Antimicrobial Peptides in Oral Cancer Management","volume":"30","author":"Marunganathan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-018-4517-9","article-title":"The role of p53 status on the synergistic effect of CKD-602 and cisplatin on oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines","volume":"46","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2016.42.6.337","article-title":"The influence of p53 mutation status on the anti-cancer effect of cisplatin in oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines","volume":"42","author":"Jo","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Korean Assoc. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-020-01489-0","article-title":"p33ING1b regulates acetylation of p53 in oral squamous cell carcinoma via SIR2","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Cell Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2247181","DOI":"10.1080\/14756366.2023.2247181","article-title":"Trafficking of Carbonic Anhydrase 12 and Bicarbonate Transporters by Histamine Stimulation Mediates Intracellular Acidic Scenario in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"38","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Enzym. Inhib. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-022-00756-6","article-title":"Dynamic Synovial Fibroblasts Are Modulated by NBCn1 as a Potential Target in Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Ji","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2020.111251","article-title":"Gemcitabine-Retinoid Prodrug Loaded Nanoparticles Display In Vitro Antitumor Efficacy Towards Drug-Resilient Human PANC-1 Pancreatic Cancer Cells","volume":"117","author":"Kakwere","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sriboonaied, P., Phuangbubpha, P., Saetan, P., Charoensuksai, P., and Charoenpanich, A. (2025). Dual Modulation of Adipogenesis and Apoptosis by PPARG Agonist Rosiglitazone and Antagonist Betulinic Acid in 3T3-L1 Cells. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13061340"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, S., Shin, D.M., and Hong, J.H. (2020). Protective Role of IRBIT on Sodium Bicarbonate Cotransporter-n1 for Migratory Cancer Cells. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090816"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-024-02591-0","article-title":"Antibodies Toward Na+,HCO3\u2212 Cotransporter NBCn1\/SLC4A7 Block Net Acid Extrusion and Cause pH-Dependent Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis in Breast Cancer","volume":"130","author":"Axelsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0353-6","article-title":"Na+,HCO3\u2212 Cotransporter NBCn1 (Slc4a7) Accelerates ErbB2-Induced Breast Cancer Development and Tumor Growth in Mice","volume":"37","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1159\/000491473","article-title":"Expressional and Functional Characterization of Intracellular pH Regulators and Effects of Ethanol in Human Oral Epidermoid Carcinoma Cells","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"897523","article-title":"Overexpression of MMP13 Is Associated with Clinical Outcomes and Poor Prognosis in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma","volume":"2014","author":"Salahshourifar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc3110","article-title":"Dysregulated pH: A Perfect Storm for Cancer Progression","volume":"11","author":"Webb","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201302131","article-title":"pH Sensing by FAK-His58 Regulates Focal Adhesion Remodeling","volume":"202","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.77","article-title":"Tumour Acidosis: From the Passenger to the Driver\u2019s Seat","volume":"17","author":"Corbet","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, B., Yuan, J., Liu, X., Zhang, S., Ma, X., and Lu, L. (2023). Anticancer Activities of Natural Antimicrobial Peptides from Animals. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1321386"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, Q., Yang, C., Li, W., Zhang, Y., Wang, X., Wang, W., Ma, Z., Zhang, D., Jin, Y., and Lin, D. (2021). Evaluation of Short-Chain Antimicrobial Peptides with Combined Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Bioactivities for the Treatment of Zoonotic Skin Pathogens From Canines. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.684650"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2803","article-title":"Targeting Cancer Cells by ROS-Mediated Mechanisms: A Radical Therapeutic Approach?","volume":"8","author":"Trachootham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, A., Babajani, A., Sarrami Forooshani, R., Yazdani, M., and Rezaei-Tavirani, M. (2022). Clinical Applications and Anticancer Effects of Antimicrobial Peptides: From Bench to Bedside. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.819563"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tornesello, A.L., Borrelli, A., Buonaguro, L., Buonaguro, F.M., and Tornesello, M.L. (2020). Antimicrobial Peptides as Anticancer Agents: Functional Properties and Biological Activities. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122850"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mustafa, M., Ahmad, R., Tantry, I.Q., Ahmad, W., Siddiqui, S., Alam, M., Abbas, K., Hassan, M.I., and Habib, S. (2024). Apoptosis: A Comprehensive Overview of Signaling Pathways, Morphological Changes, and Physiological Significance and Therapeutic Implications. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13221838"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04327-w","article-title":"Knockdown of SMYD3 by RNA Interference Regulates the Expression of Autophagy-Related Proteins and Inhibits Bone Formation in Fluoride-Exposed Osteoblasts","volume":"203","author":"Deng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Q., Wang, L., He, D., Wu, Y., Liu, X., Yang, Y., Chen, Z., Dong, Z., Luo, Y., and Song, Y. (2023). Application Value of Antimicrobial Peptides in Gastrointestinal Tumors. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316718"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cancer Genome Atlas Network (2015). Comprehensive Genomic Characterization of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Nature, 517, 576\u2013582.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14129"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21695","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-25744-8","article-title":"The Mutational Spectrum in Whole Exon of p53 in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Clinical Implications","volume":"12","author":"Hyodo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12438","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5953","article-title":"TP53 Mutations Predict Poor Response to Immunotherapy in Patients with Metastatic Solid Tumors","volume":"12","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa073770","article-title":"TP53 Mutations and Survival in Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck","volume":"357","author":"Poeta","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2017.109","article-title":"Targeting Mutant p53 for Efficient Cancer Therapy","volume":"18","author":"Bykov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-023-00842-2","article-title":"Pharmacological Reactivation of p53 in the Era of Precision Anticancer Medicine","volume":"21","author":"Tuval","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202212101","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202212101","article-title":"Nuclear Lamin Facilitates Collective Border Cell Invasion into Confined Spaces In Vivo","volume":"222","author":"Penfield","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6727","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c02096","article-title":"Lamin A\/C and Vimentin as a Coordinated Regulator during Amoeboid Migration in Microscale Confined Microenvironments","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kristiani, L., and Kim, Y. (2023). The Interplay between Oxidative Stress and the Nuclear Lamina Contributes to Laminopathies and Age-Related Diseases. Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12091234"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, H.J., Lee, P.C.W., and Hong, J.H. (2023). Overview of Cellular Homeostasis-Associated Nuclear Envelope Lamins and Associated Input Signals. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1173514"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9948","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac741","article-title":"Lamin A\/C Impairments Cause Mitochondrial Dysfunction by Attenuating PGC1alpha and the NAMPT-NAD+ Pathway","volume":"50","author":"Maynard","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00435-0","article-title":"The Role of ROS in Tumour Development and Progression","volume":"22","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/622\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:12:07Z","timestamp":1779444727000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/622"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18050622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050622","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]]}}}