{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:54:40Z","timestamp":1785430480289,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002923","name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIBAA 1286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBAA 1286"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002923","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PIBAA 1286"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIBAA 1286"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03cqe8w59","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Combination of antiparasitic drugs with different mechanisms of action has been suggested as an effective strategy to delay the development of parasite resistance. Considering the need to understand the pharmacological basis of drug combinations, the current study evaluated the potential pharmacokinetic (PK) interactions and the clinical efficacy (pharmacodynamic response) occurring after the subcutaneous administration of ivermectin (IVM) and levamisole (LEV), administered either as single treatments or concurrently to different groups of parasitized calves on three commercial farms (A, B and C). Methods: Forty-five (45) male calves naturally infected with gastrointestinal nematodes were randomly allocated into three groups (n = 15): IVM, treated with IVM by subcutaneous injection (0.2 mg\/kg); LEV, treated subcutaneously with LEV (8 mg\/kg); IVM + LEV, simultaneously treated with IVM and LEV (two subcutaneous injections at the same dose rates). Seven animals from each treated group (farm C) were randomly selected to perform the PK study. Drug concentrations were measured by HPLC. The therapeutic response (efficacy) was determined at 14 days after treatment by the fecal egg reduction test. Results: The mean area under the concentration vs time curve (AUC) for IVM obtained after administration of IVM alone (274 \u00b1 65.1 ng.d\/mL) was similar to that obtained when IVM was co-administered with LEV (295 \u00b1 111 ng.d\/mL). Likewise, mean LEV AUC values were similar after LEV administration alone (8.90 \u00b1 2.69 \u00b5g.h\/mL) or combined with IVM (9.11 \u00b1 1.82 \u00b5g.h\/mL). No adverse PK interactions were observed after the combined treatment, with similar PK parameters (p &gt; 0.05) obtained between the single-drug and the combination-based strategies. On farm A, the overall fecal egg reductions were 38% (IVM), 99% (LEV) and 100% (IVM + LEV). While Cooperia spp. and Haemonchus spp. showed reduced susceptibility to IVM treatment, LEV demonstrated high efficacy against both genera, with only a minimal proportion of Haemonchus spp. remaining after treatment. Similarly, total fecal egg reductions were 42% (IVM), 99% (LEV) and 100% (IVM + LEV) on farm B, and 54% (IVM), 99% (LEV) and 100% (IVM + LEV) on farm C. On those farms, IVM was ineffective against Cooperia spp. and\/or Haemonchus spp., while LEV failed to control Ostertagia spp. Remarkably, the combination of both molecules was the only treatment that achieved 100% efficacy against all nematode genera (Cooperia, Ostertagia, Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum spp.). Conclusions: Based on the described PK and pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments, the IVM + LEV combination appears to be a promising pharmacological option for controlling resistant gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle, with the additional potential to delay the progression of nematode anthelmintic resistance. Overall, the study provides original and robust pharmacokinetic and efficacy data that contribute to the optimization of parasite control strategies in cattle. This drug combination strategy may enhance treatment efficacy and contribute to improved parasite control in cattle production systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:02:27Z","timestamp":1779375747000},"page":"630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Assessments of the Ivermectin and Levamisole Combination to Control Resistant Nematodes in Cattle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Candela","family":"Canton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Ceballos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucila","family":"Canton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3872-2853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0942-9896","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Dom\u00ednguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5607-2685","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Lanusse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Farmacolog\u00eda, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Campus Universitario, Tandil 7000, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvfa.2019.12.001","article-title":"Biology, Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Management of Anthelmintic Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Livestock","volume":"36","author":"Kaplan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010524","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612024041","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance of gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle in Brazil and Argentina-current status and global perspectives","volume":"33","author":"Borges","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2020.07.001","article-title":"Where are all the anthelmintics? Challenges and opportunities on the path to new anthelmintics","volume":"14","author":"Nixon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2018.05.005","article-title":"Strategies to Optimize the Efficacy of Anthelmintic Drugs in Ruminants","volume":"34","author":"Lanusse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.10.007","article-title":"A journey through 50 years of research relevant to the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in ruminant livestock and thoughts on future directions","volume":"51","author":"Gilleard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.09.004","article-title":"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) Guideline: Anthelmintic combination products targeting nematode infections of ruminants and horses","volume":"190","author":"Geary","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.030","article-title":"The role of combination anthelmintic formulations in the sustainable control of sheep nematodes","volume":"186","author":"Bartram","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.08.022","article-title":"Managing anthelmintic resistance\u2014Parasite fitness, drug use strategy and the potential for reversion towards susceptibility","volume":"198","author":"Leathwick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-animal-021815-111209","article-title":"Lessons from the History of Ivermectin and Other Antiparasitic Agents","volume":"4","author":"Campbell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Riviere, J.E., and Papich, M.G. (2017). Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, John Wiley & Sons. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(81)90018-2","article-title":"The anthelmintic efficacy of ivermectin in experimentally infected cattle","volume":"8","author":"Egerton","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6308762","article-title":"Ivermectin: A potent new antiparasitic agent","volume":"221","author":"Campbell","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2885.1997.00825.x","article-title":"Comparative plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin, moxidectin and doramectin in cattle","volume":"20","author":"Lanusse","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00175-2","article-title":"Comparative distribution of ivermectin and doramectin to parasite location tissues in cattle","volume":"87","author":"Lifschitz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(94)00743-V","article-title":"Structure and activity of avermectins and milbemycins in animal health","volume":"59","author":"Shoop","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Adams, R. (1995). Antinematodal drugs. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Iowa State University Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.12438","article-title":"Pharmaco-parasitological evaluation of the ricobendazole plus levamisole nematodicidal combination in cattle","volume":"41","author":"Canton","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Riviere, J.E., and Papich, M.G. (2017). Macrocyclic Lactones: Endectocide Compounds. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, John Wiley & Sons. [10th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, W. (1989). Chemistry. Ivermectin and Abamectin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3626-9"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(85)90100-0","article-title":"Ivermectin: An update","volume":"1","author":"Campbell","year":"1985","journal-title":"Parasit. Today"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1993.tb13458.x","article-title":"Levamisole-activated single-channel currents from muscle of the nematode parasite Ascaris suum","volume":"108","author":"Robertson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.04.014","article-title":"Oxantel is an N-type (methyridine and nicotine) agonist not an L-type (levamisole and pyrantel) agonist: Classification of cholinergic anthelmintics in Ascaris","volume":"34","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008668","article-title":"Drug resistance and neurotransmitter receptors of nematodes: Recent studies on the mode of action of levamisole","volume":"131","author":"Martin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Canton, C. (2018). Combinaci\u00f3n de Principios Activos: Evaluaci\u00f3n Farmacol\u00f3gica de su Impacto en el Control Parasitario en Bovinos. [Ph.D. Thesis, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(99)00142-9","article-title":"Ivermectin disposition kinetics after subcutaneous and intramuscular administration of an oil-based formulation to cattle","volume":"86","author":"Lifschitz","year":"1999","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/0731-7085(90)80060-3","article-title":"Liquid chromatographic determination of ivermectin with trifluoro-acetic anhydride and N-methylimidazole as the derivatization reagent","volume":"8","author":"Shim","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibaldi, M., and Perrier, D. (1982). Pharmacokinetics, Marcel Dekker. [2nd ed.]. Revised and Expanded.","DOI":"10.1201\/b14095"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600710332","article-title":"Non-compartmental determination of the steady-state volume of distribution for any mode of administration","volume":"71","author":"Perrier","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1071\/AR9500099","article-title":"Methods for egg counts and larval cultures for strongyles infesting the gastrointestinal tract of cattle","volume":"1","author":"Roberts","year":"1950","journal-title":"Crop Pasture Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"MAFF (Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food) (1986). Manual of Veterinary Parasitological Laboratory Techniques, Her Majesty\u2019s Stationery Office."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.109936","article-title":"World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.) guideline for diagnosing anthelmintic resistance using the faecal egg count reduction test in ruminants, horses and swine","volume":"318","author":"Kaplan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.02.004","article-title":"How to improve the standardization and the diagnostic performance of the fecal egg count reduction test?","volume":"253","author":"Levecke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1990.35640","article-title":"The detection of anthelmintic resistance by the faecal egg count reduction test: An examination of some of the factors affecting performance and interpretation","volume":"38","author":"McKenna","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"25","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in grazing beef cattle in central and northeastern areas of Argentina\u2014An update","volume":"9","author":"Cristel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2011.00703.x","article-title":"Minimising the development of anthelmintic resistance, and optimising the use of the novel anthelmintic monepantel, for the sustainable control of nematode parasites in Australian sheep grazing systems","volume":"89","author":"Dobson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aust. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.11.050","article-title":"Modelling the benefits of a new class of anthelmintic in combination","volume":"186","author":"Leathwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.021","article-title":"Managing anthelmintic resistance\u2014Use of a combination anthelmintic and leaving some lambs untreated to slow the development of resistance to ivermectin","volume":"187","author":"Leathwick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2018.05.007","article-title":"Field trial assessment of ivermectin pharmacokinetics and efficacy against susceptible and resistant nematode populations in cattle","volume":"256","author":"Canton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(93)90115-4","article-title":"Relationship between pharmacological properties and clinical efficacy of ruminant anthelmintics","volume":"49","author":"Lanusse","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2017.1317222","article-title":"Host pharmacokinetics and drug accumulation of anthelmintics within target helminth parasites of ruminants","volume":"65","author":"Lifschitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2007.00848.x","article-title":"Involvement of P-glycoprotein on ivermectin kinetic behaviour in sheep: Itraconazole-mediated changes on gastrointestinal disposition","volume":"30","author":"Ballent","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2008.00953.x","article-title":"Evaluation of the interaction between ivermectin and albendazole following their combined use in lambs","volume":"31","author":"Alvarez","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of interactions after administration of a levamisole, albendazole and ivermectin triple combination in lambs","volume":"201","author":"Suarez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.07.031","article-title":"The efficacy and plasma profiles of abamectin plus levamisole combination anthelmintics administered as oral and pour-on formulations to cattle","volume":"227","author":"Leathwick","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2885.2006.00738.x","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of a novel closantel\/ivermectin injection in cattle","volume":"29","author":"Cromie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2016.02.002","article-title":"Anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of beef cattle in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil","volume":"6","author":"Ramos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campbell, W.C. (1989). Use of ivermectin in cattle, sheep, goats, and swine. Ivermectin and Abamectin, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3626-9"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(91)90083-8","article-title":"Efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and fenbendazole against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle, with emphasis on inhibited early fourth stage Ostertagia ostertagi larvae","volume":"40","author":"Williams","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2023.110079","article-title":"Simultaneous resistance to multiple anthelmintic classes in nematode parasites of cattle in New Zeland","volume":"325","author":"Sauermann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Prescott, J.F., Baggot, J.D., and Walker, R.D. (2000). Antimicrobial drug action and interaction: An introduction. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State Press."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.12.023","article-title":"The effect on liveweight gain of using anthelmintics with incomplete efficacy against resistant Cooperia oncophora in cattle","volume":"251","author":"Candy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2019.1698999","article-title":"Impact on beef cattle productivity of infection with anthelmintic-resistant nematodes","volume":"68","author":"Canton","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Z. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.04.003","article-title":"Efficacy and productive performance of moxidectin in feedlot calves infected with nematodes resistant to ivermectin","volume":"223","author":"Fazzio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2013.11.003","article-title":"Pharmacological knowledge and sustainable anthelmintic therapy in ruminants","volume":"204","author":"Lanusse","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/630\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]],"date-time":"2026-05-21T15:09:09Z","timestamp":1779376149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/5\/630"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18050630"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050630","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,21]]}}}