{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T17:28:11Z","timestamp":1785432491610,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PT13\/0010\/0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT13\/0010\/0039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PT13\/0010\/0039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PT13\/0010\/0039"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00ca2c886","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Breast cancer (BC) is a highly prevalent neoplasm worldwide. Despite the wide range of therapeutic options currently available, it remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women. Capecitabine, a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), is widely used in the treatment of advanced BC. However, despite its efficacy, capecitabine exhibits considerable interindividual variability in therapeutic response. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in genes involved in capecitabine bioactivation on progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with BC. Methods: An ambispective cohort study was conducted. Four relevant SNPs in the CES1, CDA, and TYMP genes were analyzed in 85 Caucasian patients with BC using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with TaqMan\u00ae probes. Results: A significant association was observed between shorter PFS and the GA genotype of the CES1 rs71647871 SNP (p = 0.010; HR = 7.46; 95% CI = 1.24\u2013122.52), as well as with the TT genotype of the CDA rs602950 SNP (p = 0.009; HR = 3.50; 95% CI = 1.36\u20139.03). Conclusions: These findings suggest that CES1 rs71647871 and CDA rs602950 may serve as predictive biomarkers of capecitabine effectiveness in patients with BC. Further studies involving larger cohorts are needed to validate these findings and generate additional evidence to support their potential implementation in clinical practice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T10:07:47Z","timestamp":1779444467000},"page":"633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Capecitabine Bioactivation Genes and Their Contribution to Breast Cancer Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5038-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasm\u00edn","family":"Cura-Cuevas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs., 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Registry of Granada, Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio 4, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18011 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6930-8933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana","family":"Rojo-Tolosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs., 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, Avda. de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9225-8225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda","family":"G\u00e1lvez-Navas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs., 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Cancer Registry of Granada, Andalusian School of Public Health, Cuesta del Observatorio 4, Campus Universitario de Cartuja, 18011 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBERESP), 18016 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Encarnaci\u00f3n","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biosanitaria ibs., 18012 Granada, Spain"},{"name":"Medical Oncology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ram\u00edrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Biomedical Research, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology \u201cJos\u00e9 Mataix\u201d, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy Service, Pharmacogenetics Unit, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1412","article-title":"C\u00e1ncer de Mama Keywords","volume":"14","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rev. 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