{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:31:37Z","timestamp":1785407497549,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project of China","award":["2018YFA0902800"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFA0902800"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32471003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["32471003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471003"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Technology Project","award":["20SWAQK24"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20SWAQK24"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid, has attracted considerable attention owing to its broad therapeutic potential. Its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antitumor properties make it a promising candidate for the treatment of mucosa-associated diseases. However, the clinical translation of CBD is significantly hindered by its unfavorable physicochemical properties, particularly high lipophilicity and poor aqueous solubility, which result in low bioavailability. To overcome these limitations, the rational selection of administration routes in combination with advanced drug delivery systems tailored to disease pathophysiology is essential. Such strategies are critical for improving the stability of CBD, enhancing mucosal permeation, and enabling controlled and targeted release at diseased sites. Nevertheless, a systematic review focusing on these aspects is still lacking. This review first summarizes the relationship between CBD and the mucosal endocannabinoid system, together with its pharmacological effects. It then discusses the therapeutic potential of CBD in mucosal disorders of the digestive and respiratory systems. In addition, current administration routes and advanced delivery systems for CBD are reviewed to provide insights for future research and clinical translation. Finally, the remaining challenges associated with the clinical application of CBD and future development directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T16:06:08Z","timestamp":1779465968000},"page":"638","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cannabidiol for Mucosal Diseases: Therapeutic Potential and Advanced Delivery Strategies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4784-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangmin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinping","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shipo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8740-7748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingyuan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenyun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg2286","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abg2286","article-title":"Large-scale whole-genome resequencing unravels the domestication history of Cannabis sativa","volume":"7","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2298\/GENSR2001001K","article-title":"Controversial taxonomy of hemp","volume":"52","author":"Koren","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genetika"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2323","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230322143401","article-title":"Update on Cannabidiol Clinical Toxicity and Adverse Effects: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Madeo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s41061-024-00465-w","article-title":"Unraveling the Mechanisms of Cannabidiol\u2019s Pharmacological Actions: A Comprehensive Research Overview","volume":"382","author":"Kalsoom","year":"2024","journal-title":"Top. Curr. Chem."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-021-00650-7","article-title":"Mucosal epithelial cells: The initial sentinels and responders controlling and regulating immune responses to viral infections","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-101721-065224","article-title":"Immune Regulation of Goblet Cell and Mucus Functions in Health and Disease","volume":"43","author":"Gustafsson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02043-4","article-title":"Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment","volume":"10","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115008","article-title":"The role of mucosal barriers in disease progression and transmission","volume":"200","author":"Bustos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stasiulewicz, A., Znajdek, K., Grudzie\u0144, M., Pawi\u0144ski, T., and Sulkowska, A.J.I. (2020). A Guide to Targeting the Endocannabinoid System in Drug Design. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082778"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2016-0346","article-title":"Cannabinoid signaling in health and disease","volume":"95","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17078","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules191117078","article-title":"Endocannabinoids, related compounds and their metabolic routes","volume":"19","author":"Fezza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maccarrone, M. (2017). Metabolism of the Endocannabinoid Anandamide: Open Questions after 25 Years. Front. Mol. Neurosci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2017.00166"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12411","article-title":"Parsing the players: 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and degradation in the CNS","volume":"171","author":"Murataeva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-3084(00)00189-4","article-title":"2-Arachidonoylglycerol and the cannabinoid receptors","volume":"108","author":"Sugiura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1038\/346561a0","article-title":"Structure of a cannabinoid receptor and functional expression of the cloned cDNA","volume":"346","author":"Matsuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02830-3","article-title":"Differential distribution of functional cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the mouse gastroenteric tract","volume":"459","author":"Casu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707486","article-title":"Cannabinoid CB2 receptors in the gastrointestinal tract: A regulatory system in states of inflammation","volume":"153","author":"Wright","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10801","article-title":"Distribution of the vanilloid receptor (VR1) in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"465","author":"Ward","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1324","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.17408","article-title":"TRPV4 stimulates colonic afferents through mucosal release of ATP and glutamate","volume":"182","author":"Meng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.05.015","article-title":"Role of the Endocannabinoid System in the Regulation of Intestinal Homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Cuddihey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666160303110150","article-title":"Role of Cannabinoids in Gastrointestinal Mucosal Defense and Inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Gyires","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.01.023","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid anandamide increases human airway epithelial cell permeability through an arachidonic acid metabolite","volume":"105","author":"Shang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aloisio Caruso, E., De Nunzio, V., Tutino, V., and Notarnicola, M. (2025). The Endocannabinoid System: Implications in Gastrointestinal Physiology and Pathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26031306"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4790","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13250","article-title":"Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor","volume":"172","author":"Laprairie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mart\u00ednez-Pinilla, E., Varani, K., Reyes-Resina, I., Angelats, E., Vincenzi, F., Ferreiro-Vera, C., Oyarzabal, J., Canela, E.I., Lanciego, J.L., and Nadal, X. (2017). Binding and Signaling Studies Disclose a Potential Allosteric Site for Cannabidiol in Cannabinoid CB(2) Receptors. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00744"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2015.0005","article-title":"Allosteric Modulators of the CB(1) Cannabinoid Receptor: A Structural Update Review","volume":"1","author":"Morales","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14440","article-title":"Allosteric and orthosteric pharmacology of cannabidiol and cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl at the type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors","volume":"176","author":"Tham","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gon\u00e7alves, E.C.D., Baldasso, G.M., Bicca, M.A., Paes, R.S., Capasso, R., and Dutra, R.C. (2020). Terpenoids, Cannabimimetic Ligands, beyond the Cannabis Plant. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25071567"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.618447","article-title":"Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are intracellular carriers for \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"290","author":"Elmes","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13710","article-title":"A narrative review of molecular mechanism and therapeutic effect of cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"130","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"060603","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0214020","article-title":"Nanodrug delivery materials for digestive system diseases","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"APL Mater."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2023.05.050","article-title":"Global Burden of Digestive Diseases: A Systematic Analysis of the Global Burden of Diseases Study, 1990 to 2019","volume":"165","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"12","article-title":"Cannabidiol As A Novel Therapeutic Strategy For Oral Inflammatory Diseases: A Review Of Current Knowledge And Future Perspectives","volume":"26","author":"Klein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Altern. Ther. Health Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2008.11.010","article-title":"Cannabidiol decreases bone resorption by inhibiting RANK\/RANKL expression and pro-inflammatory cytokines during experimental periodontitis in rats","volume":"9","author":"Napimoga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13413","article-title":"Cannabidiol on 5-FU-induced oral mucositis in mice","volume":"26","author":"Cuba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Libro, R., Scionti, D., Diomede, F., Marchisio, M., Grassi, G., Pollastro, F., Piattelli, A., Bramanti, P., Mazzon, E., and Trubiani, O. (2016). Cannabidiol Modulates the Immunophenotype and Inhibits the Activation of the Inflammasome in Human Gingival Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Front. Physiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2016.00559"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2275","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6165","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, on oral wound healing process in rats: Clinical and histological evaluation","volume":"32","author":"Klein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, A.C.A., Souza, G.A., Marqui, S.V., Guiguer, \u00c9.L., Ara\u00fajo, A.C., Rubira, C.J., Goulart, R.A., Flato, U.A.P., Bueno, P., and Buchaim, R.L. (2020). Cannabis and Canabidinoids on the Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Going Beyond Misuse. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082940"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00966-2","article-title":"Ulcerative colitis","volume":"402","author":"Honap","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02586-2","article-title":"Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"403","author":"Dolinger","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2011.18","article-title":"The endogenous cannabinoid system in the gut of patients with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"4","author":"Battista","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1748","article-title":"Pharmacology, Clinical Effects, and Therapeutic Potential of Cannabinoids for Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases","volume":"19","author":"Maselli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4781","article-title":"Cannabidiol in inflammatory bowel diseases: A brief overview","volume":"27","author":"Esposito","year":"2013","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-009-0512-x","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a safe and non-psychotropic ingredient of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa, is protective in a murine model of colitis","volume":"87","author":"Borrelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cocetta, V., Governa, P., Borgonetti, V., Tinazzi, M., Peron, G., Catanzaro, D., Berretta, M., Biagi, M., Manetti, F., and Dall\u2019Acqua, S. (2021). Cannabidiol Isolated From Cannabis sativa L. Protects Intestinal Barrier From In Vitro Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.641210"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2013.10.006","article-title":"Interleukin 17A evoked mucosal damage is attenuated by cannabidiol and anandamide in a human colonic explant model","volume":"65","author":"Harvey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171288","article-title":"Cannabidiol and palmitoylethanolamide are anti-inflammatory in the acutely inflamed human colon","volume":"131","author":"Couch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjaa253","article-title":"Cannabinoid Receptor Activation on Haematopoietic Cells and Enterocytes Protects against Colitis","volume":"15","author":"Becker","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, D., Patil, M., Warne, L.N., Carlessi, R., and Falasca, M. (2025). Enhancing Tetrahydrocannabinol\u2019s Therapeutic Efficacy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Roles of Cannabidiol and the Cannabinoid 1 Receptor Allosteric Modulator ZCZ011. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18020148"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.00791.x","article-title":"The effects of Delta-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol alone and in combination on damage, inflammation and in vitro motility disturbances in rat colitis","volume":"160","author":"Jamontt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpet.2025.103389","article-title":"Entourage effects of nonpsychotropic cannabinoids on visceral sensitivity in experimental colitis","volume":"392","author":"Svendsen","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yekhtin, Z., Khuja, I., Meiri, D., Or, R., and Almogi-Hazan, O. (2022). Differential Effects of D9 Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)- and Cannabidiol (CBD)-Based Cannabinoid Treatments on Macrophage Immune Function In Vitro and on Gastrointestinal Inflammation in a Murine Model. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10081793"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagano, E., Capasso, R., Piscitelli, F., Romano, B., Parisi, O.A., Finizio, S., Lauritano, A., Marzo, V.D., Izzo, A.A., and Borrelli, F. (2016). An Orally Active Cannabis Extract with High Content in Cannabidiol attenuates Chemically-induced Intestinal Inflammation and Hypermotility in the Mouse. Front. Pharmacol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00341"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6831","article-title":"Efficacy of combined therapy with fish oil and phytocannabinoids in murine intestinal inflammation","volume":"35","author":"Pagano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"3217","article-title":"Cannabinoids and the Gastrointestinal Tract","volume":"21","author":"Camilleri","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. Off. Clin. Pract. J. Am. Gastroenterol. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.110.168237","article-title":"Pharmacological effects of cannabinoids on the Caco-2 cell culture model of intestinal permeability","volume":"335","author":"Alhamoruni","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2598","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01589.x","article-title":"Cannabinoids mediate opposing effects on inflammation-induced intestinal permeability","volume":"165","author":"Alhamoruni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Filippis, D., Esposito, G., Cirillo, C., Cipriano, M., De Winter, B.Y., Scuderi, C., Sarnelli, G., Cuomo, R., Steardo, L., and De Man, J.G. (2011). Cannabidiol reduces intestinal inflammation through the control of neuroimmune axis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028159"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104464","article-title":"The non-euphoric phytocannabinoid cannabidivarin counteracts intestinal inflammation in mice and cytokine expression in biopsies from UC pediatric patients","volume":"149","author":"Pagano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000336871","article-title":"Topical and systemic cannabidiol improves trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid colitis in mice","volume":"89","author":"Schicho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14542","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15026-z","article-title":"Oral administration of cannabis with lipids leads to high levels of cannabinoids in the intestinal lymphatic system and prominent immunomodulation","volume":"7","author":"Zgair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e464111033011","DOI":"10.33448\/rsd-v11i10.33011","article-title":"Potential use of nanoencapsulated cannabinoids for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Soc. Dev."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"22808000241289022","article-title":"The injectable hydrogel loading cannabidiol to regulate macrophage polarization in vitro for the treatment of chronic enteritis","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomater. Funct. Mater."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izz017","article-title":"Palmitoylethanolamide and Cannabidiol Prevent Inflammation-induced Hyperpermeability of the Human Gut In Vitro and In Vivo-A Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Controlled Trial","volume":"25","author":"Couch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izy002","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-group, Pilot Study of Cannabidiol-rich Botanical Extract in the Symptomatic Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis","volume":"24","author":"Irving","year":"2018","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Portman, A., Bukovich, E., Bissex, J., Flanagan, M., and Pojednic, R. (2024). The Perceived Effectiveness of Cannabidiol on Adult Women with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Medicine, 60.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina60122059"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab069","article-title":"Oral CBD-rich Cannabis Induces Clinical but Not Endoscopic Response in Patients with Crohn\u2019s Disease, a Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Naftali","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Crohn\u2019s Colitis"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4540-z","article-title":"Low-Dose Cannabidiol Is Safe but Not Effective in the Treatment for Crohn\u2019s Disease, a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"62","author":"Naftali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"233","article-title":"Colorectal cancer statistics, 2023","volume":"73","author":"Siegel","year":"2023","journal-title":"CA A Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaiachuk, M., Pryimak, N., Kovalchuk, O., and Kovalchuk, I. (2021). Cannabinoids, Medical Cannabis, and Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy. Front. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.713153"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1007\/s11626-013-9719-9","article-title":"Physiological intestinal oxygen modulates the Caco-2 cell model and increases sensitivity to the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol","volume":"50","author":"Macpherson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vitr. Cell. Dev. Biol. Anim."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sainz-Cort, A., M\u00fcller-S\u00e1nchez, C., and Espel, E. (2020). Anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effect of cannabidiol on human cancer cell lines in presence of serum. BMC Res. Notes, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-020-05229-5"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-2001-7","article-title":"Cannabidiol promotes apoptosis via regulation of XIAP\/Smac in gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2019.01.011","article-title":"Cannabidiol-induced apoptosis is mediated by activation of Noxa in human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"447","author":"Jeong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeong, S., Kim, B.G., Kim, D.Y., Kim, B.R., Kim, J.L., Park, S.H., Na, Y.J., Jo, M.J., Yun, H.K., and Jeong, Y.A. (2019). Cannabidiol Overcomes Oxaliplatin Resistance by Enhancing NOS3- and SOD2-Induced Autophagy in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11060781"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Qin, Y., Pan, Z., Li, M., Liu, X., Chen, X., Qu, G., Zhou, L., Xu, M., and Zheng, Q. (2019). Cannabidiol Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Cell Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer SGC-7901 Cells. Biomolecules, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9080302"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-023-01578-9","article-title":"Cannabidiol-induced crosstalk of apoptosis and macroautophagy in colorectal cancer cells involves p53 and Hsp70","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1007\/s00580-018-2810-6","article-title":"Can cannabidiol inhibit angiogenesis in colon cancer?","volume":"28","author":"Honarmand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comp. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3587","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04265-x","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits invasion and metastasis in colorectal cancer cells by reversing epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"149","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-011-0856-x","article-title":"Chemopreventive effect of the non-psychotropic phytocannabinoid cannabidiol on experimental colon cancer","volume":"90","author":"Aviello","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"631","article-title":"Inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by a standardized Cannabis sativa extract with high content of cannabidiol","volume":"21","author":"Romano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J.L., Kim, B.R., Kim, D.Y., Jeong, Y.A., Jeong, S., Na, Y.J., Park, S.H., Yun, H.K., Jo, M.J., and Kim, B.G. (2019). Cannabidiol Enhances the Therapeutic Effects of TRAIL by Upregulating DR5 in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11050642"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, I.S., Hwang, Y.N., Park, J.H., Na, H.H., Kwon, T.H., Park, J.S., and Kim, K.C. (2023). Metallothionein Family Proteins as Regulators of Zinc Ions Synergistically Enhance the Anticancer Effect of Cannabidiol in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242316621"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cherkasova, V., Ilnytskyy, Y., Kovalchuk, O., and Kovalchuk, I. (2023). Transcriptome Analysis of Cisplatin, Cannabidiol, and Intermittent Serum Starvation Alone and in Various Combinations on Colorectal Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241914743"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Y\u00fcksel, B., H\u0131zl\u0131 Deniz, A.A., \u015eahin, F., Sahin, K., and T\u00fcrkel, N. (2023). Cannabinoid compounds in combination with curcumin and piperine display an anti-tumorigenic effect against colon cancer cells. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1145666"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.2174\/1871520620666200415102321","article-title":"Possible Enhancement of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) Colorectal Cancer Treatment when Combined with Cannabidiol","volume":"21","author":"Nkune","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anti-Cancer Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2023.04.013","article-title":"Single-cell analyses reveal cannabidiol rewires tumor microenvironment via inhibiting alternative activation of macrophage and synergizes with anti-PD-1 in colon cancer","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12032-025-02790-6","article-title":"Targeting Gastrointestinal Cancers with Cannabidiol: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"42","author":"Esmaeli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baines, D.K., Wright, K., and Douglas, T.E.L. (2024). Preliminary In Vitro Assessment of Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogel with Cannabidiol as a Potential Hydrophobic Oral Drug Delivery System for Colorectal Cancer Therapy. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16233273"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201511-2288PP","article-title":"Systems Biology and Clinical Practice in Respiratory Medicine. The Twain Shall Meet","volume":"194","author":"Thamrin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/15548627.2017.1389823","article-title":"Autophagy and inflammation in chronic respiratory disease","volume":"14","author":"Racanelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/imcb.12614","article-title":"Receptor-mediated effects of \u0394(9) -tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol on the inflammatory response of alveolar macrophages","volume":"101","author":"Preteroti","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.12.043","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a non-psychotropic plant-derived cannabinoid, decreases inflammation in a murine model of acute lung injury: Role for the adenosine A(2A) receptor","volume":"678","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102047","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pupt.2021.102047","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effects of cannabidiol and cannabigerol alone, and in combination","volume":"69","author":"Horniman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sadowska, O., Baranowska-Kuczko, M., Gromotowicz-Pop\u0142awska, A., Biernacki, M., Kicman, A., Malinowska, B., Kasacka, I., Krzy\u017cewska, A., and Koz\u0142owska, H. (2020). Cannabidiol Ameliorates Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197077"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538670","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/538670","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Cytokines Levels and the Role of Cannabidiol Treatment in Animal Model of Asthma","volume":"2015","author":"Vuolo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113088","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113088","article-title":"Cannabidiol suppresses silica-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis through regulating NLRP3\/TGF-\u03b21\/Smad2\/3 pathway","volume":"142","author":"Shao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2019.114713","article-title":"Cannabidiol differentially regulates basal and LPS-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages, lung epithelial cells, and fibroblasts","volume":"382","author":"Muthumalage","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagarkatti, P., Miranda, K., and Nagarkatti, M. (2020). Use of Cannabinoids to Treat Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Cytokine Storm Associated with Coronavirus Disease-2019. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.589438"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"110","article-title":"New AKT-dependent mechanisms of anti-COVID-19 action of high-CBD Cannabis sativa extracts","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabi6110","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abi6110","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-CoV-2 replication through induction of the host ER stress and innate immune responses","volume":"8","author":"Nguyen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-81049-2","article-title":"Cannabis compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory activity in vitro in COVID-19-related inflammation in lung epithelial cells and pro-inflammatory activity in macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Anil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chatow, L., Nudel, A., Nesher, I., Hayo Hemo, D., Rozenberg, P., Voropaev, H., Winkler, I., Levy, R., Kerem, Z., and Yaniv, Z. (2021). In Vitro Evaluation of the Activity of Terpenes and Cannabidiol against Human Coronavirus E229. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.01.433501"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6893","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7302","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits SARS-Cov-2 spike (S) protein-induced cytotoxicity and inflammation through a PPAR\u03b3-dependent TLR4\/NLRP3\/Caspase-1 signaling suppression in Caco-2 cell line","volume":"35","author":"Corpetti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res. PTR"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aswad, M., Hamza, H., Pechkovsky, A., Zikrach, A., Popov, T., Zohar, Y., Shahar, E., and Louria-Hayon, I. (2022). High-CBD Extract (CBD-X) Downregulates Cytokine Storm Systemically and Locally in Inflamed Lungs. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.875546"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0043","article-title":"Cannabidiol Modulates Cytokine Storm in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Induced by Simulated Viral Infection Using Synthetic RNA","volume":"5","author":"Khodadadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12869","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15883","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) modulation of apelin in acute respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"24","author":"Salles","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"78","article-title":"Cannabidiol and Its Effects on Patients with COVID-19 Infection","volume":"27","author":"Kuntzman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J. IMAJ"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0093","article-title":"Cannabidiol for COVID-19 Patients with Mild to Moderate Symptoms (CANDIDATE Study): A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"7","author":"Crippa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0135","article-title":"Cannabidiol As a Treatment for COVID-19 Symptoms? A Critical Review","volume":"8","author":"Holst","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2018.12.006","article-title":"Lung Cancer","volume":"103","author":"Nasim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1916623","article-title":"The Effect of Advances in Lung-Cancer Treatment on Population Mortality","volume":"383","author":"Howlader","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.52547\/ibj.3732","article-title":"Antitumorigenic Effect of Cannabidiol in Lung Cancer: What Do We Know So Far?\u2013A Mini Review","volume":"26","author":"Issaris","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1080\/13102818.2021.1915870","article-title":"The antitumor activity of cannabidiol on lung cancer cell lines A549 and H1299: The role of apoptosis","volume":"35","author":"Todorova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Biotechnol. Equip."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milian, L., Mata, M., Alcacer, J., Oliver, M., Sancho-Tello, M., Mart\u00edn de Llano, J.J., Camps, C., Galbis, J., Carretero, J., and Carda, C. (2020). Cannabinoid receptor expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Effectiveness of tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol inhibiting cell proliferation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228909"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamad, H., and Olsen, B.B. (2021). Cannabidiol Induces Cell Death in Human Lung Cancer Cells and Cancer Stem Cells. Pharmaceuticals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111169"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1007\/s13577-023-00869-8","article-title":"Inhalant cannabidiol impedes tumor growth through decreased tumor stemness and impaired angiogenic switch in NCI-H1437-induced human lung cancer model","volume":"36","author":"Salles","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Cell"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.07.014","article-title":"Cannabinoids increase lung cancer cell lysis by lymphokine-activated killer cells via upregulation of ICAM-1","volume":"92","author":"Haustein","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2162","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-010-0219-2","article-title":"Decrease of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 may contribute to the anti-invasive action of cannabidiol on human lung cancer cells","volume":"27","author":"Ramer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"1535","article-title":"Cannabidiol inhibits lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis via intercellular adhesion molecule-1","volume":"26","author":"Ramer","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-12-0335","article-title":"COX-2 and PPAR-\u03b3 confer cannabidiol-induced apoptosis of human lung cancer cells","volume":"12","author":"Ramer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.06.017","article-title":"Cannabinoids inhibit angiogenic capacities of endothelial cells via release of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 from lung cancer cells","volume":"91","author":"Ramer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Misri, S., Kaul, K., Mishra, S., Charan, M., Verma, A.K., Barr, M.P., Ahirwar, D.K., and Ganju, R.K. (2022). Cannabidiol Inhibits Tumorigenesis in Cisplatin-Resistant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer via TRPV2. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14051181"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116445","article-title":"Synergistic effect of cannabidiol with dasatinib on lung cancer by SRC\/PI3K\/AKT signal pathway","volume":"173","author":"Ye","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Y., Sharma, A., Hoffmann, M.J., Skowasch, D., Essler, M., Weiher, H., and Schmidt-Wolf, I.G.H. (2024). Discovering single cannabidiol or synergistic antitumor effects of cannabidiol and cytokine-induced killer cells on non-small cell lung cancer cells. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1268652"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-020-00931-w","article-title":"The Interplay Between Liver First-Pass Effect and Lymphatic Absorption of Cannabidiol and Its Implications for Cannabidiol Oral Formulations","volume":"59","author":"Franco","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, S.A., Maguire, R.F., Yates, A.S., and O\u2019Sullivan, S.E. (2020). Towards Better Delivery of Cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090219"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00741-5","article-title":"Critical Aspects Affecting Cannabidiol Oral Bioavailability and Metabolic Elimination, and Related Clinical Implications","volume":"34","author":"Perucca","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkab059","article-title":"Urinary Pharmacokinetic Profile of Cannabidiol (CBD), \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Their Metabolites following Oral and Vaporized CBD and Vaporized CBD-Dominant Cannabis Administration","volume":"46","author":"Sholler","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70119","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.70119","article-title":"Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Cannabidiol, Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, and Their Metabolites in Healthy Adults After Administration by Multiple Routes","volume":"18","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01446-0","article-title":"Combining the potential of 3D printed buccal films and nanostructured lipid carriers for personalised cannabidiol delivery","volume":"14","author":"Abdella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0578-5","article-title":"A Phase I, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Single Ascending Dose, Multiple Dose, and Food Effect Trial of the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Highly Purified Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects","volume":"32","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Millar, S.A., Stone, N.L., Yates, A.S., and O\u2019Sullivan, S.E. (2018). A Systematic Review on the Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Humans. Front. Pharmacol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2512","article-title":"Food effects on the formulation, dosing, and administration of cannabidiol (CBD) in humans: A systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"41","author":"Silmore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018822124","article-title":"Cannabidiol: A New Hope for Patients with Dravet or Lennox-Gastaut Syndromes","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chesney, E., Mazibuko, N., Oliver, D., Minichino, A., Lamper, A.D., Chester, L., Reilly, T.J., Lloyd, M., Kr\u00e5kstr\u00f6m, M., and Dickens, A.M. (2024). Novel Lipid Formulation Increases Absorption of Oral Cannabidiol (CBD). Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121537"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2023.105316","article-title":"Oral delivery of cannabidiol: Revealing the formulation and absorption challenges","volume":"92","author":"Sitovs","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1002\/cpdd.408","article-title":"Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Oral Cannabidiol Following Administration of PTL101: A New Formulation Based on Gelatin Matrix Pellets Technology","volume":"7","author":"Atsmon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacol. Drug Dev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01074-6","article-title":"Examination of a New Delivery Approach for Oral Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetics Study","volume":"36","author":"Patrician","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2025.2470224","article-title":"Transmucosal drug delivery: Prospects, challenges, advances, and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Brako","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1952978","article-title":"Current trends on cannabidiol delivery systems: Where are we and where are we going?","volume":"18","author":"Ramalho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2021.v14i1.39687","article-title":"Buccal Film: A Novel Approach for Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System","volume":"14","author":"Haju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01481-x","article-title":"Enhancing transmucosal delivery of CBD through nanoemulsion: In vitro and in vivo studies","volume":"14","author":"Provenzano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Go\u015bciniak, A., Kocaj, F., Stasi\u0142owicz-Krzemie\u0144, A., Szyma\u0144ski, M., Karpi\u0144ski, T.M., and Cielecka-Piontek, J. (2024). 3D Printed Bigel: A Novel Delivery System for Cannabidiol-Rich Hemp Extract. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10120770"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.20766","article-title":"Precipitation complexation method produces cannabidiol\/beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex suitable for sublingual administration of cannabidiol","volume":"96","author":"Mannila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2021.102642","article-title":"Recent progress in nanocarriers for direct nose to brain drug delivery","volume":"64","author":"Emad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"065009","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ac9267","article-title":"Development of cannabidiol nanoemulsion for direct nose to brain delivery: Statistical optimization, in vitro and in vivo evaluation","volume":"17","author":"Hameed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moqejwa, T., Marimuthu, T., Kondiah, P.P.D., and Choonara, Y.E. (2022). Development of Stable Nano-Sized Transfersomes as a Rectal Colloid for Enhanced Delivery of Cannabidiol. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040703"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.125141","article-title":"3D-printed cannabidiol hollow suppositories for treatment of epilepsy","volume":"670","author":"Wei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sionov, R.V., Korem, M., Polacheck, I., and Steinberg, D. (2025). Cannabidiol (CBD) Acts as an Antioxidant on Gardnerella vaginalis, Resulting in Reduced Metabolic Activity, Loss of Survivability, and Elimination of Biofilms. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020136"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valh, J.V., Perin, Z., Vonina, B., Vrezner, K., Tuek, L., and Zemlji, L.F. (2020). Microencapsulation of Cannabidiol in Liposomes as Coating for Cellulose for Potential Advanced Sanitary Material. Coatings, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings11010003"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125761","article-title":"3D-Printed cannabidiol stent for local treatment of urinary tract infections","volume":"680","author":"Eugster","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2022.2074975","article-title":"Recent advances in drug delivery to the central nervous system by inhalation","volume":"19","author":"Tai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0132","article-title":"Biological Response after 14-Day Cannabidiol and Propylene Glycol Inhalation in Sprague-Dawley Rats","volume":"10","author":"Schwotzer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0121","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol in Sprague-Dawley Rats After Oral and Pulmonary Administration","volume":"8","author":"Schwotzer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107937","article-title":"Pharmacodynamic effects of vaporized and oral cannabidiol (CBD) and vaporized CBD-dominant cannabis in infrequent cannabis users","volume":"211","author":"Spindle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.08.012","article-title":"Improved Bioavailability with Dry Powder Cannabidiol Inhalation: A Phase 1 Clinical Study","volume":"110","author":"Devinsky","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124370","article-title":"High-loading cannabidiol powders for inhalation","volume":"660","author":"Tai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1208\/s12248-025-01015-y","article-title":"Cannabidiol and Hydroxypropyl-\u03b2-Cyclodextrin for the Development of Deflated Spherical-Shaped Inhalable Powder","volume":"27","author":"Bya","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS J."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01095","article-title":"Design and Bottom-up Production of an Aerosolizable Cannabidiol Nanosuspension","volume":"22","author":"Casula","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20058","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-23910-6","article-title":"Characterizing the degradation of cannabidiol in an e-liquid formulation","volume":"12","author":"Schwarzenberg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax-2022-218743","article-title":"Not all vaping is the same: Differential pulmonary effects of vaping cannabidiol versus nicotine","volume":"78","author":"Bhat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124163","article-title":"Is it advantageous to use quality by design (QbD) to develop nanoparticle-based dosage forms for parenteral drug administration?","volume":"657","author":"Peltonen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.13923","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of cannabidiol in horses after intravenous and oral administration with oil and micellar formulations","volume":"55","author":"Saitua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2019.103202","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of oral and intravenous cannabidiol and its antidepressant-like effects in chronic mild stress mouse model","volume":"70","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-022-02239-3","article-title":"Enhanced Intramuscular Bioavailability of Cannabidiol Using Nanocrystals: Formulation, In Vitro Appraisal, and Pharmacokinetics","volume":"23","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shilo-Benjamini, Y., Cern, A., Zilbersheid, D., Hod, A., Lavy, E., Barasch, D., and Barenholz, Y. (2022). A Case Report of Subcutaneously Injected Liposomal Cannabidiol Formulation Used as a Compassion Therapy for Pain Management in a Dog. Front. Vet. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.892306"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2025.105378","article-title":"Cannabidiol reduces neuropathic pain and cognitive impairments through activation of spinal PPAR\u03b3","volume":"30","author":"Ramos","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patricio, F., Morales D\u00e1vila, E., Patricio-Mart\u00ednez, A., Arana Del Carmen, N., Mart\u00ednez, I., Aguilera, J., Perez-Aguilar, J.M., and Lim\u00f3n, I.D. (2022). Intrapallidal injection of cannabidiol or a selective GPR55 antagonist decreases motor asymmetry and improves fine motor skills in hemiparkinsonian rats. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.945836"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1511","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-018-2565-0","article-title":"Systemic Injections of Cannabidiol Enhance Acetylcholine Levels from Basal Forebrain in Rats","volume":"43","author":"Rocha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.01.033","article-title":"Antidepressant-like effect of cannabidiol injection into the ventral medial prefrontal cortex-Possible involvement of 5-HT1A and CB1 receptors","volume":"303","author":"Sartim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2011.08.048","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of cannabidiol against ischemia\/reperfusion liver injury in rats","volume":"670","author":"Fouad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2415-0","article-title":"Plasma and brain pharmacokinetic profile of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidivarine (CBDV), \u03949-tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV) and cannabigerol (CBG) in rats and mice following oral and intraperitoneal administration and CBD action on obsessive-compulsive behaviour","volume":"219","author":"Deiana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2021.05.005","article-title":"Delivering therapeutic cannabinoids via skin: Current state and future perspectives","volume":"334","author":"Tijani","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lefebvre, \u00c8., Tawil, N., and Yahia, L. (2024). Transdermal Delivery of Cannabidiol for the Management of Acute Inflammatory Pain: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115858"},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122016","article-title":"Enhancement of transdermal permeation of cannabinoids and their pharmacodynamic evaluation in rats","volume":"624","author":"Salau","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.121036","article-title":"Development and optimisation of biopharmaceutical properties of a new microemulgel of cannabidiol for locally-acting dermatological delivery","volume":"607","author":"Vanti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khabir, Z., Partalis, C., Panchal, J.V., Deva, A., Khatri, A., and Garcia-Bennett, A. (2023). Enhanced Skin Penetration of Cannabidiol Using Organosilane Particles as Transdermal Delivery Vehicles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030798"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4321","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S455032","article-title":"Key Transdermal Patch Using Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanocarriers with Better Pharmacokinetics in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1093\/jpp\/rgae043","article-title":"3D DLP-printed cannabinoid microneedles patch and its pharmacokinetic evaluation in rats","volume":"76","author":"Bagde","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40199-015-0131-8","article-title":"A new formulation of cannabidiol in cream shows therapeutic effects in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"23","author":"Giacoppo","year":"2015","journal-title":"DARU J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2013.08.013","article-title":"Transdermal delivery of cannabidiol attenuates binge alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in a rodent model of an alcohol use disorder","volume":"111","author":"Liput","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2123930","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.23930","article-title":"Safety and Tolerability of Transdermal Cannabidiol Gel in Children With Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial","volume":"4","author":"Scheffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-022-02345-5","article-title":"Examining the Systemic Bioavailability of Cannabidiol and Tetrahydrocannabinol from a Novel Transdermal Delivery System in Healthy Adults: A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Exploratory Study","volume":"40","author":"Varadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adepu, S., and Ramakrishna, S. (2021). Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Current Status and Future Directions. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26195905"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119912","article-title":"Advances in drug delivery systems: Work in progress still needed?","volume":"590","author":"Laffleur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eydelman, I., Zehavi, N., Feinshtein, V., Kumar, D., Ben-Shabat, S., and Sintov, A.C. (2023). Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanoparticles Based on Crosslinked Starch: Anti-Inflammatory Activity and Improved Nose-to-Brain Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071803"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3533","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c00465","article-title":"Engineered PLGA Nanoparticles for Brain-Targeted Codelivery of Cannabidiol and pApoE2 through the Intranasal Route for the Treatment of Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"11","author":"Mahanta","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zamansky, M., Zehavi, N., Sintov, A.C., and Ben-Shabat, S. (2023). The Fundamental Role of Lipids in Polymeric Nanoparticles: Dermal Delivery and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Cannabidiol. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28041774"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2400362","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202400362","article-title":"Targeted Oral Delivery of Exosomal Formulation of Cannabidiol against Lung Cancer","volume":"8","author":"Moholkar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2024.150260","article-title":"Enhanced brain-targeting and efficacy of cannabidiol via RVG-Exo\/CBD nanodelivery system","volume":"725","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1159\/000497361","article-title":"Development of a Novel Nano-emulsion Formulation to Improve Intestinal Absorption of Cannabidiol","volume":"2","author":"Nakano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2021.112560","article-title":"A cannabidiol-containing alginate based hydrogel as novel multifunctional wound dressing for promoting wound healing","volume":"134","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomater. Adv."},{"key":"ref_195","first-page":"156790","article-title":"A novel antioxidant and anti-inflammatory carboxymethylcellulose\/chitosan hydrogel loaded with cannabidiol promotes the healing of radiation-combined wound skin injury in the (60)Co \u03b3-irradiated mice","volume":"142","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomed. Int. J. Phytother. Phytopharm."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zag\u00f3rska-Dziok, M., Nowak, A., Zgadzaj, A., Oledzka, E., K\u0119dra, K., Wi\u0105cek, A.E., and Sobczak, M. (2024). New Polymeric Hydrogels with Cannabidiol and \u03b1-Terpineol as Potential Materials for Skin Regeneration-Synthesis and Physicochemical and Biological Characterization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115934"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2022.112339","article-title":"Development and characterization of cannabidiol-loaded alginate copper hydrogel for repairing open bone defects in vitro","volume":"212","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37617","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.5c06212","article-title":"One-Pot Preparation of an Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Hydrogel for Oral Mucosal Lesions","volume":"17","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.1007\/s10924-023-03160-x","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose\/Polyvinyl Alcohol Mucoadhesive Buccal Film of Cannabidiol","volume":"32","author":"Laoasoke","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Polym. Environ."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1177\/00220345211024528","article-title":"CBD Promotes Oral Ulcer Healing via Inhibiting CMPK2-Mediated Inflammasome","volume":"101","author":"Qi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4804","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.5c00452","article-title":"Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers for Nose to Brain Delivery: An Effective Therapeutic Approach against Epilepsy","volume":"22","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"105698","article-title":"Mucoadhesive nanostructured lipid carriers as a cannabidiol nasal delivery system for the treatment of neuropathic pain","volume":"159","author":"Matarazzo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. Off. J. Eur. Fed. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morakul, B., Junyaprasert, V.B., Sakchaisri, K., and Teeranachaideekul, V. (2023). Cannabidiol-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) for Dermal Delivery: Enhancement of Photostability, Cell Viability, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020537"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052002","DOI":"10.1088\/2057-1976\/acedb2","article-title":"Nano-based drug delivery system for therapeutics: A comprehensive review","volume":"9","author":"Prakash","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed. Phys. Eng. Express"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, P., Chen, G., and Zhang, J. (2022). A Review of Liposomes as a Drug Delivery System: Current Status of Approved Products, Regulatory Environments, and Future Perspectives. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27041372"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gugleva, V., Ahchiyska, K., Georgieva, D., Mihaylova, R., Konstantinov, S., Dimitrov, E., Toncheva-Moncheva, N., Rangelov, S., Forys, A., and Trzebicka, B. (2023). Development, Characterization and Pharmacological Evaluation of Cannabidiol-Loaded Long Circulating Niosomes. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15102414"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3183","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52570","article-title":"Engineering exosomes for targeted drug delivery","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2025.111794","article-title":"Intranasal delivery of cannabidiol-loaded hypoxic exosomes for targeted treatment of methamphetamine addiction via enhanced brain penetration and neuroinflammation modulation","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11101-024-10001-9","article-title":"A comprehensive update on cannabidiol, its formulations and drug delivery systems","volume":"24","author":"Banerjee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytochem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2022.113466","article-title":"Preparation, stability, antioxidative property and in vitro release of cannabidiol (CBD) in zein-whey protein composite nanoparticles","volume":"162","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.100965","article-title":"Multi-targeting inulin-based nanoparticles with cannabidiol for effective prevention of ulcerative colitis","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, S., Deng, C., Zheng, W., Li, S., Liu, Y., Zhang, T., Zhang, C., Fu, Y., Miao, H., and Ren, F. (2021). Cannabidiol Effectively Promoted Cell Death in Bladder Cancer and the Improved Intravesical Adhesion Drugs Delivery Strategy Could Be Better Used for Treatment. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091415"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2006.05.006","article-title":"Current state, achievements, and future prospects of polymeric micelles as nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery","volume":"112","author":"Nishiyama","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2027572","article-title":"Inflammation-targeted cannabidiol-loaded nanomicelles for enhanced oral mucositis treatment","volume":"29","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sosnik, A., Shabo, R.B., and Halamish, H.M. (2021). Cannabidiol-Loaded Mixed Polymeric Micelles of Chitosan\/Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) for Trans-Corneal Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202111.0364.v1"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2016.1218462","article-title":"From nanoemulsions to self-nanoemulsions, with recent advances in self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems (SNEDDS)","volume":"14","author":"Rehman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knaub, K., Sartorius, T., Dharsono, T., Wacker, R., Wilhelm, M., and Sch\u00f6n, C. (2019). A Novel Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SEDDS) Based on VESIsorb\u00ae Formulation Technology Improving the Oral Bioavailability of Cannabidiol in Healthy Subjects. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162967"},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2024.124267","article-title":"Harnessing therapeutic deep eutectic solvents in self-emulsifying systems to improve CBD delivery","volume":"659","author":"Balenzano","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160217125734","article-title":"Polymer Particulates in Drug Delivery","volume":"22","author":"Kaur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-023-01444-2","article-title":"Polycaprolactone microparticles for the subcutaneous administration of cannabidiol: In vitro and in vivo release","volume":"14","author":"Montejo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1n P\u00e9rez de la Ossa, D., Lorente, M., Gil-Alegre, M.E., Torres, S., Garc\u00eda-Taboada, E., Aberturas Mdel, R., Molpeceres, J., Velasco, G., and Torres-Su\u00e1rez, A.I. (2013). Local delivery of cannabinoid-loaded microparticles inhibits tumor growth in a murine xenograft model of glioblastoma multiforme. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054795"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.05.003","article-title":"Poly-\u03b5-caprolactone microspheres as a drug delivery system for cannabinoid administration: Development, characterization and in vitro evaluation of their antitumoral efficacy","volume":"161","author":"Ligresti","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118916","article-title":"CBD loaded microparticles as a potential formulation to improve paclitaxel and doxorubicin-based chemotherapy in breast cancer","volume":"574","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"246","article-title":"Enhancing ovarian cancer conventional chemotherapy through the combination with cannabidiol loaded microparticles","volume":"154","author":"Delie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. Off. J. Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fur Pharm. Verfahrenstechnik e.V"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.137780","article-title":"Effectiveness of the injectable hyaluronic acid-based microparticles loaded with cannabidiol on rat sciatic nerve injury model","volume":"283","author":"Davachi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2017.12.036","article-title":"Recent advances of PLGA micro\/nanoparticles for the delivery of biomacromolecular therapeutics","volume":"92","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellmann, T., Thamm, J., Beekmann, U., Kralisch, D., and Fischer, D. (2023). In situ Formation of Polymer Microparticles in Bacterial Nanocellulose Using Alternative and Sustainable Solvents to Incorporate Lipophilic Drugs. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020559"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nicolaescu, O.E., Belu, I., Mocanu, A.G., Manda, V.C., R\u0103u, G., P\u00eervu, A.S., Ionescu, C., Ciulu-Costinescu, F., Popescu, M., and Cioc\u00eelteu, M.V. (2025). Cyclodextrins: Enhancing Drug Delivery, Solubility and Bioavailability for Modern Therapeutics. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17030288"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hatziagapiou, K., Bethanis, K., Koniari, E., Christoforides, E., Nikola, O., Andreou, A., Mantzou, A., Chrousos, G.P., Kanaka-Gantenbein, C., and Lambrou, G.I. (2022). Biophysical Studies and In Vitro Effects of Tumor Cell Lines of Cannabidiol and Its Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040706"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2019.03.015","article-title":"Structural analysis and cytotoxicity of host-guest inclusion complexes of cannabidiol with three native cyclodextrins","volume":"51","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.116070","article-title":"Inclusion complexes of cannabidiol with \u03b2-cyclodextrin and its derivative: Physicochemical properties, water solubility, and antioxidant activity","volume":"334","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.117017","article-title":"The complexes of Cannabidiol mediated by bridged cyclodextrins dimers with high solubilization, in vitro antioxidant activity and cytotoxicity","volume":"345","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, P., Lv, P., Zhang, Y., Liao, R., Liu, J., Guo, R., Chen, X., Liao, X., Gao, C., and Zhang, K. (2021). Self-Assembly System Based on Cyclodextrin for Targeted Delivery of Cannabidiol. Front. Chem., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2021.754832"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123035","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2023.123035","article-title":"Aqueous cannabidiol \u03b2-cyclodextrin complexed polymeric micelle nasal spray to attenuate in vitro and ex vivo SARS-CoV-2-induced cytokine storms","volume":"640","author":"Changsan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125909","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125909","article-title":"Development of novel electrospun nanofibers loaded with Levosulpiride and Cannabidiol encapsulated in cyclodextrin-phospholipid inclusion complex for ameliorated treatment of anxiety and depression","volume":"682","author":"Zai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2020.1791168","article-title":"Development of food grade 3D printable ink based on pectin containing cannabidiol\/cyclodextrin inclusion complexes","volume":"46","author":"Andriotis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2015.11.017","article-title":"Cyclodextrins in pharmaceutical formulations I: Structure and physicochemical properties, formation of complexes, and types of complex","volume":"21","author":"Jambhekar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cocis.2020.02.001","article-title":"Hydrogel design strategies for drug delivery","volume":"48","author":"Dreiss","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baines, D.K., Platania, V., Tavernaraki, N.N., Wright, K., Chatzinikolaidou, M., and Douglas, T.E.L. (2025). Whey Protein Isolate Hydrogels Containing Cannabidiol Support the Proliferation of Pre-Osteoblasts. Gels, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels11060418"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.140825","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded hydrogel microneedle patches inhibit TRIM14\/TRAF3\/NF-\u03baB axis for the treatment of psoriasis","volume":"304","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2022.09.013","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded injectable chitosan-based hydrogels promote spinal cord injury repair by enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis","volume":"221","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113859","article-title":"Cannabidiol-loaded hydrogel contact lenses for on-demand pH regulation and enhanced corneal alkali burn repair","volume":"383","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2022.12.036","article-title":"Encapsulation of cannabidiol in oil-in-water nanoemulsions and nanoemulsion-filled hydrogels: A structure and biological assessment study","volume":"634","author":"Demisli","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lapmanee, S., Bhubhanil, S., Charoenphon, N., Inchan, A., Bunwatcharaphansakun, P., Khongkow, M., and Namdee, K. (2024). Cannabidiol-Loaded Lipid Nanoparticles Incorporated in Polyvinyl Alcohol and Sodium Alginate Hydrogel Scaffold for Enhancing Cell Migration and Accelerating Wound Healing. Gels, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels10120843"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cort\u00e9s, F.B., Zapata, K., Rojano, B.A., Carrasco-Mar\u00edn, F., Gallego, J., Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A., and Franco, C.A. (2019). Dual-Purpose Materials Based on Carbon Xerogel Microspheres (CXMs) for Delayed Release of Cannabidiol (CBD) and Subsequent Aflatoxin Removal. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24183398"},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127677","article-title":"Pickering emulsions stabilized with chitosan\/collagen peptides nanoparticles as green topical delivery vehicles for cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"631","author":"Sharkawy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Wang, X., Xu, W., Li, Y., Lai, R., Qiu, X., Chen, X., Chen, Z., Mi, B., and Wu, M. (2023). Translational Challenges and Prospective Solutions in the Implementation of Biomimetic Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1912.v1"},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244195","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2021-244195","article-title":"Lung cancer patient who had declined conventional cancer treatment: Could the self-administration of \u2018CBD oil\u2019 be contributing to the observed tumour regression?","volume":"14","author":"Liew","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313x19832160","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19832160","article-title":"Striking lung cancer response to self-administration of cannabidiol: A case report and literature review","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901","article-title":"Cannabidiol Adverse Effects and Toxicity","volume":"17","author":"Huestis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2023.113799","article-title":"Review of the oral toxicity of cannabidiol (CBD)","volume":"176","author":"Gingrich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol. Int. J. Publ. Br. Ind. Biol. Res. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_252","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serrano, D.R., Luciano, F.C., Anaya, B.J., Ongoren, B., Kara, A., Molina, G., Ramirez, B.I., S\u00e1nchez-Guirales, S.A., Simon, J.A., and Tomietto, G. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Applications in Drug Discovery and Drug Delivery: Revolutionizing Personalized Medicine. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16101328"},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"032001","DOI":"10.1088\/1758-5090\/ad3a14","article-title":"3D printing processes in precise drug delivery for personalized medicine","volume":"16","author":"Peng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biofabrication"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2020.04.007","article-title":"Cannabis Phytomolecule \u2018Entourage\u2019: From Domestication to Medical Use","volume":"25","author":"Koltai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0016","article-title":"Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in Cannabis sativa Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of \u0394(9)-THC at Human CB(1) and CB(2) Receptors","volume":"4","author":"Santiago","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1159\/000510256","article-title":"Cannabidiol (CBD) Oil Does Not Display an Entourage Effect in Reducing Cancer Cell Viability in vitro","volume":"3","author":"Greenland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Cannabis Cannabinoids"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/638\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,24]],"date-time":"2026-05-24T04:11:17Z","timestamp":1779595877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/638"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":256,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18060638"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060638","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]}}}