{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:52:13Z","timestamp":1787316733792,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Galati"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052sta926","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The gut microbiota constitutes a metabolically active \u201csecond genome\u201d that profoundly modulates drug pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and adverse reaction profiles. Beyond antibiotics, widely prescribed non-antibiotic pharmacotherapies exert clinically relevant pharmacomicrobiomic effects with implications for therapeutic optimisation and pharmacovigilance. Methods: This narrative review, conducted following PRISMA 2020 reporting principles (without PROSPERO pre-registration), searched PubMed\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library (January 2015\u2013December 2024) for evidence on proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), metformin, NSAIDs, statins, SGLT2 inhibitors, and oral iron. Evidence tables included clinical human studies with molecular microbiota characterisation (16S rRNA or shotgun metagenomics), \u226520 participants, and a control arm; preclinical data informed mechanistic synthesis. Results: Of 68 eligible studies, 20 met criteria for the evidence tables. PPIs significantly remodelled gut microbiota composition with enrichment of oral-origin taxa (\u201coralisation of the gut\u201d), associating with Clostridioides difficile infection and SIBO. Metformin enriched Akkermansia muciniphila and butyrate producers, contributing causally to glycaemic efficacy. NSAIDs compromised barrier integrity, with synergistic dysbiosis under PPI co-prescription. Statins correlated with reduced prevalence of the dysbiotic Bact2 enterotype. SGLT2 inhibitor data remained discordant. Oral iron consistently enriched Enterobacteriaceae at the expense of beneficial commensals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]],"date-time":"2026-05-26T11:02:51Z","timestamp":1779793371000},"page":"651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pharmacomicrobiomics of Non-Antibiotic Drugs: Mechanisms and Clinical Consequences of Gut Microbiota Alterations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Caterina Nela","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Cuvioasa Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5657-5456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina Oana","family":"Dumitru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larisa","family":"Goroftei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan\u201d Clinical Emergency Pediatric Hospital, 800487 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9249-5247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Niculet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariana Daniela","family":"Ignat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Cuvioasa Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7602-8435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liliana","family":"Baroiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Cuvioasa Parascheva\u201d Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases, 800179 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurel","family":"Nechita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Ioan\u201d Clinical Emergency Pediatric Hospital, 800487 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6516-4872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Balan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre in the Medical-Pharmaceutical Field, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, \u201cDun\u0103rea de Jos\u201d University of Gala\u021bi, 35 Al. I. Cuza Street, 800010 Gala\u021bi, Romania"},{"name":"\u201cSf. Apostol Andrei\u201d Emergency Clinical Hospital, 800578 Gala\u021bi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.17","article-title":"The Microbial Pharmacists Within Us: A Metagenomic View of Xenobiotic Metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Spanogiannopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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