{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:15:15Z","timestamp":1785420915448,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Scientific Foundation","award":["KLINO-117031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLINO-117031"]}]},{"award":["KLINO-117031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KLINO-117031"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jsz6e67","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes permanent tissue damage and severely limits functional recovery. We have previously shown that grafted neuroectodermal stem cells (NE-GFP-4C) promote regeneration and motor improvement of the injured cord through the release of specific factors, including Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, interleukin-6, interleukin-10 and Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1\u03b1. Here, we examined whether various delivery routes for these factors could reproduce the effects of stem cell transplantation. Methods: Specifically, these factors were administered either in soluble form via osmotic pumps or via genetically modified fibroblasts. NE-GFP-4C cells served as a positive control, while saline and non-transfected fibroblasts were used as controls. Functional and morphological analyses were conducted to assess the therapeutic impact of the secretome treatment. Results: Both secretome-treated groups and stem-cell-grafted animals showed significantly improved motor outcomes, reduced lesion volumes, enhanced axonal regeneration and decreased astrocytic and microglial activation. Conclusions: These findings suggest that secretome-based delivery of selected factors is a minimally invasive and effective therapeutic strategy that can mimic the regenerative benefits of stem cell transplantation in SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060658","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fostering Regeneration and Functional Improvement in the Injured Spinal Cord by a Novel, Stem Cell Secretome-Based Drug Delivery Method"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5430-198X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Fek\u00e9cs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4960-0755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kriszti\u00e1n","family":"Pajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9276-4734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tam\u00e1s","family":"Bell\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00e9nes","family":"T\u00f6r\u00f6k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsuzsanna","family":"T\u00e1ncos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTalentum Ltd., 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Csilla","family":"Nemes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTalentum Ltd., 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0986-9517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julianna","family":"Kobol\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTalentum Ltd., 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3791-2583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e1s","family":"Dinny\u00e9s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BioTalentum Ltd., 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, 2100 G\u00f6d\u00f6ll\u0151, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0520-5350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antal","family":"N\u00f3gr\u00e1di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, 6724 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2017.06.008","article-title":"Trauma: Spinal Cord Injury","volume":"97","author":"Eckert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Surg. 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