{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:52:20Z","timestamp":1785430340875,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82174074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82174074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82174074"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Outstanding Young Project of the Air Force Medical Center","award":["2025RCQN11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025RCQN11"]}]},{"name":"Outstanding Young Project of the Air Force Medical Center","award":["LH202416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH202416"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Self-assembled nanoparticles (SANs) naturally occurring in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) decoctions are promising drug carriers due to their biocompatibility, but uncontrolled assembly often leads to poor stability, limiting transdermal permeability and industrial application. This study aimed to fabricate stable and uniform SANs from licorice by precisely regulating the controlled nanoprecipitation of its water- and alcohol-extracted components. The transdermal delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of the SANs in the treatment of atopic dermatitis (AD) were evaluated. Methods: Licorice self-assembled nanoparticles (LD-SANs) were prepared by mixing water and ethanol extracts of licorice, followed by ethanol evaporation under reduced pressure to trigger nanoprecipitation. In vitro transdermal tests compared the delivery efficiency of six major bioactive compounds between LD-SANs and traditional licorice decoction (LD). The penetration mechanism was investigated via passive diffusion and cellular uptake studies. In an AD mouse model, the therapeutic effects and expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins (Occludin and Claudin-1) were assessed. Results: The average particle size of LD-SANs is 200 nm, and it is uniform and stable. LD-SANs significantly enhanced the delivery efficiency of all six bioactive compounds compared to LD. Mechanistic studies revealed a unique \u201cdual-channel\u201d penetration mechanism: the nanoscale size enabled passive diffusion through hair follicles, intercorneocyte lipid gaps, and skin appendages, while perifollicular antigen-presenting cells (APCs) actively recognized and internalized the nanoparticles, creating a cell-mediated active targeting route that collectively boosted skin accumulation. In the AD model, LD-SANs promoted the expression of Occludin and Claudin-1 in the epidermal granular layer, reinforcing intercellular barrier integrity. Conclusions: By combining \u201cefficient penetration\u201d and \u201cbarrier repair\u201d, LD-SANs demonstrated notable therapeutic efficacy in AD. This work transforms a traditional decoction into a well-characterized, high-performance nanomedicine and offers a novel strategy for developing TCM-based transdermal delivery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T14:36:56Z","timestamp":1779892616000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-Assembled Nanoparticles of Licorice Extract Enhance Skin Penetration and Regulate Barrier Proteins via a Dual-Channel Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Ning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingyu","family":"Hang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuye","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenting","family":"Zha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Run","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kailin","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiantao","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Air Force Medical Center, People\u2019s Liberation Army of China, Air Force Medical University, Beijing 100142, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, Y., Zhang, S., Wang, G., Yan, Z., Wu, G., Tang, L., and Wang, W. (2024). Nanocarrier-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems for Dermatological Therapy. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16111384"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alnaim, A.S. (2024). Nanocrystals in Dermal Drug Delivery: A Breakthrough for Enhanced Skin Penetration and Targeted Skin Disorder Treatments. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16121561"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mio\u010di\u0107, S., Tori\u0107, J., Jureti\u0107, M., \u0110okovi\u0107, J., Randjelovi\u0107, D., Savi\u0107, S., Ferderber, K., \u010ci\u017emek, B.C., and Filipovi\u0107-Gr\u010di\u0107, J. (2025). Characterisation and Stabilisation Mechanisms of Azelaic Acid Nanosuspensions: Insights from a Dual Stabiliser System. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17040439"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lunter, D., Klang, V., Eichner, A., Savic, S.M., Savic, S., Lian, G., and Erd\u0151, F. (2024). Progress in Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery Research-Focus on Nanoformulations. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16060817"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Chen, Y., Li, W., Li, Z., Dai, Y., Li, T., Li, P., Cheng, H., and He, H. (2026). Multi-targeted synergy of Bacillus sp. TC5 fermentation products for transdermal drug delivery and hair regeneration. J. Adv. Res., in press.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2026.01.042"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125557","article-title":"Enhancing alopecia areata management: Nanocrystal-driven strategy for targeting hair follicles","volume":"675","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.03.049","article-title":"Hyaluronic acid and HA-modified cationic liposomes for promoting skin penetration and retention","volume":"357","author":"Ni","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.102417","article-title":"Hydrogel delivering self-assembled herbal nanoparticles accelerates diabetic wound healing through mitochondrial regulation","volume":"35","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(05)80237-4","article-title":"The role of antihistamines in atopic dermatitis","volume":"86","author":"Hanifin","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"234","article-title":"A \u201ccontrolled assembly\u201d strategy for constructing Coptidis Rhizoma self-assembled nanoparticles to ameliorate inflammatory damage in Atopic dermatitis","volume":"56","author":"Song","year":"2026","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13020-023-00764-2","article-title":"Formation of a traditional Chinese medicine self-assembly nanostrategy and its application in cancer: A promising treatment","volume":"18","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2973","DOI":"10.1039\/D2TB00225F","article-title":"Nano-traditional Chinese medicine: A promising strategy and its recent advances","volume":"10","author":"Wei","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.149361","article-title":"Smart dual-responsive Pickering emulsions engineered from functionalized cellulose nanocrystals: Enhanced targeted pesticide delivery and UV-shielding performance","volume":"335","author":"Peng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125794","article-title":"A deep Insight into stabilization strategies and surface modification of nanocrystals and their implications in drug delivery: Focus on taxanes","volume":"680","author":"Amiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2025.124712","article-title":"Ultraviolet-induced Glycyrrhiza polysaccharide hydrogels with different mechanical strength for wound management","volume":"374","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-01999-1","article-title":"Modulatory effects of bioactive natural compounds on pruritic pathways: Mechanistic basis and therapeutic prospects","volume":"33","author":"Marcus","year":"2025","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2025.119457","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of Glycyrrhiza uralensis fisch. On ulcerative colitis in rats: Role of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2\/receptor-interacting protein 2\/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway","volume":"344","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Savva, M., Papadopoulos, N.G., Gregoriou, S., Katsarou, S., Papapostolou, N., Makris, M., and Xepapadaki, P. (2024). Recent Advancements in the Atopic Dermatitis Mechanism. Front. Biosci., 29.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbl2902084"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2024.03.006","article-title":"Skin Barrier in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"144","author":"Schmuth","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2403388","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202403388","article-title":"Natural Products from Herbal Medicine Self-Assemble into Advanced Bioactive Materials","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"100343","article-title":"Co-assembled Glycyrrhiza nanoparticles embedded supramolecular protein hydrogels to enhance licochalcone A release for acute inflammation management","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-025-03244-y","article-title":"Progress and Prospects of Transdermal Treatment of Allergic Skin Diseases with Natural Drugs based on Nanotechnology","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"2912","article-title":"Formation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Glycyrrhiza uralensis and anti-inflammatory evaluation","volume":"55","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Herb. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"448\u2212454","article-title":"Construction and evaluation of novel self-assembled nanoparticles of Herpetospermum caudigerum Wall","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978\u2212988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2021.02.015","article-title":"The contribution of absorption of integral nanocrystals to enhancement of oral bioavailability of quercetin","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"80","article-title":"Intraday Variations in Skin Water Parameters","volume":"37","author":"Mayrovitz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Skin Pharmacol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c11507","article-title":"Biomolecular 1D Necklace-like Nanostructures Tailoring 2D Janus Interfaces for Controllable 3D Enteric Biomaterials","volume":"17","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3270","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2142700","article-title":"Luteolin-loaded exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: A promising therapy for liver fibrosis","volume":"29","author":"Ashour","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25005","DOI":"10.1088\/2050-6120\/aaaa05","article-title":"6,7-dimethoxy-coumarin as a probe of hydration dynamics in biologically relevant systems","volume":"6","author":"Ghose","year":"2018","journal-title":"Methods Appl. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S394953","article-title":"Customizable Dual-Fluorescent Nanoparticles for Tracing and Quantifying of Cell Transport","volume":"18","author":"Ta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemphyslip.2022.105254","article-title":"Synchrotron-based infrared microspectroscopy of polymeric nanoparticles and skin: Unveiling molecular interactions to enhance permeation","volume":"249","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sguizzato, M., Esposito, E., and Cortesi, R. (2021). Lipid-Based Nanosystems as a Tool to Overcome Skin Barrier. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22158319"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41541-024-00971-4","article-title":"Development of T follicular helper cell-independent nanoparticle vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 or HIV-1 by targeting ICOSL","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Vaccines"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, M.N., Nogueira, L.L., Cunha-Filho, M., Gratieri, T., and Gelfuso, G.M. (2023). Methodologies to Evaluate the Hair Follicle-Targeted Drug Delivery Provided by Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15072002"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Generating detailed intercellular communication patterns in psoriasis at the single-cell level using social networking, pattern recognition, and manifold learning methods to optimize treatment strategies","volume":"16","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, L., Jiang, A., Veenstra, J., Ozog, D.M., and Mi, Q.S. (2022). The Roles of Skin Langerhans Cells in Immune Tolerance and Cancer Immunity. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10091380"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.4081","article-title":"Follicular pathway role in chemical warfare simulants percutaneous penetration","volume":"41","author":"Elmahdy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oglio, F., Coppola, S., Agizza, A., Masino, A., Luongo, C., Di Santillo, R., D\u2019Auria, L., Russo, R., Neri, I., and Grumetto, L. (2025). The Beneficial Effects of a N-(1-Carbamoyl-2-phenyl-ethyl) Butyramide on Human Keratinocytes. Pharmaceuticals, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph18040517"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58718-9","article-title":"Claudin-1 decrease impacts epidermal barrier function in atopic dermatitis lesions dose-dependently","volume":"10","author":"Bergmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14637","article-title":"Effects of mucopolysaccharide polysulphate on tight junction barrier in human epidermal keratinocytes","volume":"31","author":"Fujikawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Cao, H., Zheng, J., and Chen, L. (2022). Claudin-1 Mediated Tight Junction Dysfunction as a Contributor to Atopic March. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.927465"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.06.113","article-title":"Upregulation of hsa-miR-31-3p induced by ultraviolet affects keratinocytes permeability barrier by targeting CLDN1","volume":"532","author":"Tu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2022.07.005","article-title":"The involvement of TH17 cells in the pathogenesis of IBD","volume":"69","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1080\/03639045.2022.2045304","article-title":"Development of herpetrione nanosuspensions stabilized by glycyrrhizin for enhancing bioavailability and synergistic hepatoprotective effect","volume":"47","author":"Hang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamaguchi, H.L., Yamaguchi, Y., and Peeva, E. (2023). Role of Innate Immunity in Allergic Contact Dermatitis: An Update. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241612975"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15185","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S568952","article-title":"Self-Assembled Nanoparticles: Overcoming Limitations of Conventional Nanomedicines for Enhanced Tumor Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Tang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4373","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S108633","article-title":"Self-assembled silk fibroin nanoparticles loaded with binary drugs in the treatment of breast carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102414","article-title":"Physical properties of gold nanoparticles affect skin penetration via hair follicles","volume":"36","author":"Friedman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, M., Gao, Y., Zhan, M., Qiu, N., Piao, Y., Zhou, Z., and Shen, Y. (2019). Glycyrrhizin Acid and Glycyrrhetinic Acid Modified Polyethyleneimine for Targeted DNA Delivery to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20205074"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14792","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.7b08710","article-title":"Ultrafast Delivery of Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoparticles and Pure Organic Phosphorescent Nanocrystals by Saponin Encapsulation","volume":"139","author":"Nicol","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42260","article-title":"Redox-sensitive carrier-free nanoparticles self-assembled by disulfide-linked paclitaxel-tetramethylpyrazine conjugate for combination cancer chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.01.047","article-title":"Glycyrrhizic acid as a multifunctional drug carrier\u2014From physicochemical properties to biomedical applications: A modern insight on the ancient drug","volume":"559","author":"Selyutina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-88071-2_4","article-title":"Dermal Delivery of Lipid Nanoparticles: Effects on Skin and Assessment of Absorption and Safety","volume":"Volume 1357","author":"Louro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanotoxicology in Safety Assessment of Nanomaterials. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-020-01831-9","article-title":"Emerging Trends in Topical Delivery of Curcumin Through Lipid Nanocarriers: Effectiveness in Skin Disorders","volume":"21","author":"Waghule","year":"2020","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372269","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2024.2372269","article-title":"Advances in polymeric nano-delivery systems targeting hair follicles for the treatment of acne","volume":"31","author":"Lei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.07.078","article-title":"Delivery vehicle and route of administration influence self-amplifying RNA biodistribution, expression kinetics, and reactogenicity","volume":"374","author":"Bathula","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1111\/ics.12771","article-title":"Improved stability and skin penetration through glycethosomes loaded with glycyrrhetinic acid","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cosmet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.45.695","article-title":"Metabolic profiles of coumarin in human plasma extrapolated from a rat data set with a simplified physiologically based pharmacokinetic model","volume":"45","author":"Miura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S241923","article-title":"Preparation and in vitro and in vivo Study of Asiaticoside-Loaded Nanoemulsions and Nanoemulsions-Based Gels for Transdermal Delivery","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, H., Yao, J., Jiang, Q., Shi, Y., Ge, W., and Xu, X. (2024). Engineered Exosomes Biopotentiated Hydrogel Promote Hair Follicle Growth via Reprogramming the Perifollicular Microenvironment. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16070935"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00041","article-title":"Transdermal Drug Delivery for Hair Regrowth","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-082323-030832","article-title":"Barrier Integrity and Immunity: Exploring the Cutaneous Front Line in Health and Disease","volume":"43","author":"Fukuda","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.13742","article-title":"Maintenance of tight junction barrier integrity in cell turnover and skin diseases","volume":"27","author":"Yokouchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsarou, S., Makris, M., Vakirlis, E., and Gregoriou, S. (2023). The Role of Tight Junctions in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041538"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gramlich, R., Aliahmadi, E., and Peiser, M. (2019). In Vitro Induction of T Helper 17 Cells by Synergistic Activation of Human Monocyte-Derived Langerhans Cell-Like Cells with Bacterial Agonists. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20061367"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.17768","article-title":"Increased expression of Filaggrin and Claudin-1 in the ocular surface of patients with atopic dermatitis","volume":"36","author":"Callou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:33:25Z","timestamp":1780623205000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18060661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060661","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]}}}