{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T15:40:19Z","timestamp":1785426019756,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779840000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004586","name":"FAPERJ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E-26\/010.000982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.000982\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004586","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["E-26\/010.000982\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E-26\/010.000982\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03kk0s825","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"The Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IC160044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC160044"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["IC160044"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IC160044"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03wnrjx87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"CNPq","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["315438\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315438\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["315438\/2021-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["315438\/2021-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03swz6y49","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Human and canine leishmaniases are neglected diseases with limited therapeutic options. The nitrochalcone NAT22, a high-affinity inhibitor of the essential parasite enzyme tryparedoxin peroxidase (cTXNPx), has emerged as a promising antileishmanial candidate. Interestingly, NAT22 demonstrated superior efficacy when administered orally rather than intralesionally, suggesting a metabolism-driven activity enhancement. Since in vivo studies with chalcones have been conducted exclusively in mice, this study aimed to determine whether mice are suitable models for oral chalcone therapies for human and canine leishmaniases and to identify metabolites with potential antileishmanial activity. Methods: NAT22 hepatic metabolism was investigated using in silico prediction and in vitro liver microsomal assays from rats, mice, humans, and dogs. Metabolites were identified by LC-MS\/MS and NMR, and docking studies were performed against cTXNPx. Results: In silico analysis predicted metabolism mainly by CYP1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2C8, and CYP3A4. Seven metabolites (M1\u2013M7) were identified by LC-MS\/MS and NMR in all species except mice, whose microsomes did not generate M6. Structural analyses indicated preservation of the \u03b1,\u03b2-enone system and nitro-substituted B ring in all metabolites. Docking studies showed that metabolites M2 and M4 displayed stronger predicted binding energies than NAT22. Conclusions: NAT22 undergoes hepatic phase I metabolism generating two metabolites with enhanced predicted interaction with cTXNPx. The similarity between human and canine metabolic profiles supports the translational relevance of oral NAT22 therapy in leishmaniasis, while metabolites M2 and M4 emerge as candidates for validation in local treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1779955236000},"page":"664","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cross-Species Hepatic Metabolism of the Antileishmanial Chalcone NAT22 Generates Metabolites with Predicted Enhanced Affinity for the Parasite Target cTXNPx"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Arielly R. R.","family":"Barreto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7219-1123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Paula C.","family":"Valente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Bioqu\u00edmica M\u00e9dica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edgar","family":"Schaeffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7902-6876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vitor M.","family":"de Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0155-3240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michelle F.","family":"Muzitano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Campus Maca\u00e9, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Maca\u00e9 27930-560, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Barth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Campus Maca\u00e9, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Maca\u00e9 27930-560, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9986-405X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra M. T.","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"de A. A. Vieira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Farm\u00e1cia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3200-0318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alcides Monteiro","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7407-158X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Osvaldo A.","family":"Santos-Filho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Walter Mors, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2493-5826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick G.","family":"Steel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3791-8996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartira","family":"Rossi-Bergmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Biof\u00edsica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adhikari, S., Nath, P., Deb, V.K., Das, N., Banerjee, A., Pathak, S., and Duttaroy, A.K. 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