{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T09:01:57Z","timestamp":1780477317891,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: this study aimed to develop and optimize an intranasal delivery system for Eplerenone (EPL) by incorporating Eplerenone-loaded liposomes (Elip) into an in situ gel system (Elip-GG). The goal was to prolong the residence time of the drug in the nasal cavity and ensure sustained release. Methods: Elip and unloaded liposomes were prepared using the thin-film hydration method. Key formulation variables such as encapsulation efficiency (EE%), mean particle size (MPS), polydispersity index (PDI), and zeta potential (ZP) were optimized. The Elip was then incorporated into a gellan gum (GG) in situ gel to form Elip-GG. The Elip-GG formulation was evaluated based on parameters such as pH, viscosity, rheological behavior, mechanical properties, and in vitro release. Results: the optimal Elip formulation exhibited an EE of 86.3%, a mean particle size of 86.56 nm, a PDI of 0.29, and a ZP of \u221229.86 mV. The cumulative drug release from the Elip-GG formulation exceeded 93% after 2.5 h. The Elip-GG formulation significantly increased the sustained release of Eplerenone when administered intranasally, offering a promising alternative to oral and parenteral delivery methods for hydrophilic antihypertensive drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T07:58:38Z","timestamp":1780473518000},"page":"678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Development and Optimization of an Eplerenone-Loaded Liposomal In Situ Gel for Enhanced Intranasal Delivery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0358-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juste","family":"Baranauskaite","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ipek","family":"Ceken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0449-6547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asta","family":"Kubiliene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical and Toxicological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rima Jurate","family":"Gerbutaviciene","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Technology and Social Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, 50162 Kaunas, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebru","family":"T\u00fcrk\u00f6z Acar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cetin","family":"Tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, 34755 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-018-0392-8","article-title":"Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects","volume":"16","author":"Patra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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