{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:54:52Z","timestamp":1791230092988,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780617600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2026-25478487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25478487"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00343156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00343156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2026-25478487"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2026-25478487"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RS-2024-00343156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00343156"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013aysd81","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted considerable attention as natural nanocarriers for immune modulation owing to their intrinsic biocompatibility, nanoscale size, and capacity to transport diverse bioactive cargos. In inflammatory diseases, EV-based therapeutics provide unique opportunities to regulate dysregulated immune responses; however, their clinical translation remains constrained by limited cell-specific targeting efficiency and uncontrolled biodistribution. Achieving precise and selective delivery to immune cells and other inflammation-associated cellular components within diseased tissues is therefore critical for maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in cell-specific EV-targeting strategies for immune modulation in inflammatory diseases, with a particular focus on active targeting approaches enabled by EV surface engineering. A range of targeting ligands, including antibodies, peptides, aptamers, glycans, and membrane proteins, is discussed in the context of enhancing selective interactions between EVs and specific immune cell subsets. Special emphasis is placed on cell-directed targeting strategies toward diverse immune cell populations, including macrophages and T cells, highlighting how rational control of EV\u2013cell interactions can be utilized to reprogram immune phenotypes, suppress pathological inflammation, and restore immune homeostasis. Accordingly, this review integrates recent progress in cell-specific EV targeting into a coherent conceptual framework, which may assist researchers in the rational design of EV-based immunomodulatory therapeutics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060697","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T07:43:02Z","timestamp":1780904582000},"page":"697","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cell-Specific Extracellular Vesicles Targeting Strategies for Immune Modulation in Inflammatory Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Junha","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MetaBioHealth, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suan","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoosoo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of MetaBioHealth, School of Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiwoong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Cell & Matrix Research Institute, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-021-00603-1","article-title":"Immune-mediated inflammatory disease therapeutics: Past, present and future","volume":"21","author":"McInnes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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