{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:57:11Z","timestamp":1781326631152,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Wound infections represent a major clinical challenge due to their polymicrobial nature, biofilm formation, and increasing antimicrobial resistance, which compromise conventional treatments. This study aimed to develop and evaluate ligand-stabilized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with improved antimicrobial activity and cytocompatibility, and to investigate their incorporation into electrospun nanofibers for wound management. Methods: Four AgNP formulations stabilized with citrate, cysteine, ketorolac, and diclofenac were synthesized via chemical reduction. Physicochemical characterization included surface plasmon resonance and zeta potential measurements. Antimicrobial activity was assessed through minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bactericidal assays against Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal strains. Toxicity was evaluated using the HET-CAM assay, while cytocompatibility was determined in fibroblasts, MG-63 cells, and mesenchymal stem cells. Diclofenac-stabilized AgNPs were incorporated into electrospun PCL\/PEO nanofibers to generate a functional nanocomposite system. Results: All AgNPs exhibited a characteristic SPR at ~400 nm and high colloidal stability. Diclofenac-stabilized AgNPs (dc-AgNPs) showed the highest antimicrobial activity, with MIC values of 18.8 mg\/L against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and 4.7 mg\/L against Candida albicans, along with strong bactericidal effects. HET-CAM assays indicated negligible irritation at concentrations up to 75 mg\/L. Cytocompatibility results revealed a dose-dependent response, with fibroblasts being more sensitive. Electrospun nanofibers loaded with dc-AgNPs achieved a 2.6 log reduction against Streptococcus mutans and moderate reductions (0.4\u20130.7 log) against other pathogens. Conclusions: Ligand engineering critically influences the antimicrobial efficacy and biocompatibility of AgNPs. The incorporation of dc-AgNPs into electrospun nanofibers represents a promising approach for treating biofilm-associated wound infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T05:50:58Z","timestamp":1781157058000},"page":"711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced Antibacterial Nanocomposite Fibers for Biomedical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7060-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisca","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1098-4659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Azocar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Soft Matter Research, SMAT-C, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Avenida Ecuador, Estaci\u00f3n Central, Santiago 9170124, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5642-6965","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eul\u00e0lia","family":"Sans-Serramitjana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Integral Adult Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de La Frontera, P.O. Box 54-D, Temuco 4811230, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1752-7370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeyson","family":"Hermosilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-2602-8456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felipe","family":"G\u00e1lvez-Jir\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Sciences, Mention in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Denisse","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Microbial Interactions Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad Andr\u00e9s Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3924-6580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dayaimi","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Sciences, Mention in Applied Cell and Molecular Biology, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3554-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Guajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Doctoral Program in Natural Resources Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crist\u00f3bal","family":"Guajardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine (CEMT), and Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"},{"name":"Biochemistry Program, Faculty of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 1145, Temuco 4780000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Navia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Nucleus Bioproducts, Genomics and Environmental Microbiology (BioGEM), Avenida Espa\u00f1a 1680, Valpara\u00edso 2390123, Chile"},{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Universidad San Sebasti\u00e1n, Bellavista 7, Santiago 7510158, Chile"},{"name":"Center for Advancing agri-Food System Transformation, Santiago 7500000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallo, I., Sivori, F., Mastrofrancesco, A., Abril, E., Pontone, M., Di Domenico, E.G., and Pimpinelli, F. (2024). Bacterial Biofilm in Chronic Wounds and Possible Therapeutic Approaches. Biology, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology13020109"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-012-0286-0","article-title":"Chronic Osteomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Jugun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28S","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181fca244","article-title":"The Role of Biofilms: Are We Hitting the Right Target?","volume":"127","author":"Wolcott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plast. Reconstr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01058-16","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01058-16","article-title":"Redefining the Chronic-Wound Microbiome: Fungal Communities Are Prevalent, Dynamic, and Associated with Delayed Healing","volume":"7","author":"Kalan","year":"2016","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12968\/jowc.2017.26.1.20","article-title":"The prevalence of biofilms in chronic wounds: A systematic review and meta-analysis of published data","volume":"26","author":"Malone","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vestby, L.K., Gr\u00f8nseth, T., Simm, R., and Nesse, L.L. (2020). Bacterial Biofilm and its Role in the Pathogenesis of Disease. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9020059"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eimc.2013.03.016","article-title":"Infecciones causadas por bacterias gramnegativas multirresistentes: Enterobacterias, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii y otros bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores","volume":"31","year":"2013","journal-title":"Enferm. Infecc. Microbiol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"183","article-title":"Resistencia a carbapenemas en Pseudomonas aeruginosa aisladas en urocultivos: Prevalencia y factores de riesgo","volume":"30","author":"Otero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Espa\u00f1ola Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12370","article-title":"Analysis of the chronic wound microbiota of 2,963 patients by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing","volume":"24","author":"Wolcott","year":"2016","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1111\/apm.13327","article-title":"Investigating the role of Candida albicans as a universal substrate for oral bacteria using a transcriptomic approach: Implications for interkingdom biofilm control?","volume":"131","author":"Delaney","year":"2023","journal-title":"APMIS"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1843400","article-title":"Candida albicans biofilms and polymicrobial interactions","volume":"47","author":"Ponde","year":"2021","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2021.127550","article-title":"Preparation and property evaluation of biodegradable elastomeric PTMC\/PLCL networks used as ureteral stents","volume":"630","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9347","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03981","article-title":"Nanofiber Technology for Regenerative Engineering","volume":"14","author":"Ogueri","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14374","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA01514B","article-title":"Recent progress of electrospun nanofibers as burning dressings","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dakal, T.C., Kumar, A., Majumdar, R.S., and Yadav, V. (2016). Mechanistic Basis of Antimicrobial Actions of Silver Nanoparticles. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01831"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alarcon, R., Walter, M., Paez, M., and Az\u00f3car, M.I. (2023). Ostwald Ripening and Antibacterial Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Capped by Anti-Inflammatory Ligands. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13030428"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.02.005","article-title":"Capping of silver nanoparticles by anti-inflammatory ligands: Antibacterial activity and superoxide anion generation","volume":"193","author":"Castillo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"10293","article-title":"Surface-Coating-Dependent Dissolution, Aggregation, and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation of Silver Nanoparticles under Different Irradiation Conditions","volume":"47","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17883","DOI":"10.1039\/C5DT02964C","article-title":"Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) in nanoparticle synthesis","volume":"44","author":"Koczkur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"100428","article-title":"Synthesis of silver nanoparticles, influence of capping agents, and dependence on size and shape: A review","volume":"15","author":"Restrepo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sidhu, A.K., Verma, N., and Kaushal, P. (2022). Role of Biogenic Capping Agents in the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Therapeutic Potential. Front. Nanotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnano.2021.801620"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2025). Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (Standard No. CLSI M100)."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-6915(85)90030-4","article-title":"Hen\u2019s egg chorioallantoic membrane test for irritation potential","volume":"23","author":"Luepke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"597","article-title":"Validation project of alternatives for the Draize eye test","volume":"1","author":"Kalweit","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2025.107628","article-title":"Electrospun fibers loaded with extracts of Gunnera tinctoria and Buddleja globosa with potential application in the treatment of skin lesions","volume":"115","author":"Hermosilla","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, X., Padr\u00e3o, J., Ribeiro, A.I., and Zille, A. (2021). Testing, characterization and regulations of antimicrobial textiles. Antimicrobial Textiles from Natural Resources, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-821485-5.00012-3"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2016.02.019","article-title":"Bacterial cellulose-lactoferrin as an antimicrobial edible packaging","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-015-1519-0","article-title":"Bio-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles: A Novel Colorimetric Probe for Cysteine Detection","volume":"175","author":"Borase","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2007.04.018","article-title":"Potential management of resistant microbial infections with a novel non-antibiotic: The anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac sodium","volume":"30","author":"Dutta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-009-0739-z","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory non-antibiotic helper compound diclofenac: An antibacterial drug target","volume":"28","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.4103\/1735-5362.329930","article-title":"Design, synthesis, and molecular docking of cysteine-based sulphonamide derivatives as antimicrobial agents","volume":"17","author":"Egbujor","year":"2022","journal-title":"Res. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.03.080","article-title":"Steric configuration-enabled selective antimicrobial activity of chiral cysteine","volume":"512","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.31351\/vol33iss1pp113-122","article-title":"Synthesis, Identification and Preliminary Pharmacological Evaluation of New Hydrazone and 1, 3, 4-oxadiazole Derivatives of Ketorolac","volume":"33","author":"Farhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iraqi J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sekar, A., Gil, D., Tierney, P.A., McCanne, M., Daesety, V., Trendafilova, D., Muratoglu, O.K., and Oral, E. (2023). Synergistic use of anti-inflammatory ketorolac and gentamicin to target staphylococcal biofilms. Res. Sq.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3471646\/v1"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khayat, M.T., Ibrahim, T.S., Khayyat, A.N., Alharbi, M., Shaldam, M.A., Mohammad, K.A., Khafagy, E.-S., El-Damasy, D.A., Hegazy, W.A.H., and Abbas, H.A. (2022). Sodium Citrate Alleviates Virulence in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051046"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1021\/nn800596w","article-title":"Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of Silver Nanoparticles in Human Cells","volume":"3","author":"AshaRani","year":"2009","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f6fdahl, A., Jern, A., Flyman, S., K\u00e5redal, M., Karlsson, H.L., and Larsson-Callerfelt, A.K. (2020). Silver Nanoparticles Alter Cell Viability Ex Vivo and in Vitro and Induce Proinflammatory Effects in Human Lung Fibroblasts. Nanomaterials, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano10091868"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2058","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.5.214","article-title":"Effect of silver nanoparticles on human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Sengstock","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nxnano.2023.100009","article-title":"Exploring the effects of silver nanoparticles on the bacterial microbiota composition of normal human skin","volume":"1","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Next Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2014.09.007","article-title":"Action of silver nanoparticles towards biological systems: Cytotoxicity evaluation using hen\u2019s egg test and inhibition of Streptococcus mutans biofilm formation","volume":"45","author":"Freire","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.131389","article-title":"Acer tegmentosum extract-mediated silver nanoparticles loaded chitosan\/alginic acid scaffolds enhance healing of E. coli-infected wounds","volume":"267","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2018.10.022","article-title":"Wide-ranging diameter scale of random and highly aligned PCL fibers electrospun using controlled working parameters","volume":"157","author":"Ghobeira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1007\/s12221-016-6350-x","article-title":"Effect of fiber diameter on surface morphology, mechanical property, and cell behavior of electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) mat","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fibers Polym."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tet.2008.05.134","article-title":"Electrospinning nanosuspensions loaded with passivated Au nanoparticles","volume":"64","author":"Hamlett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tetrahedron"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo, L., Rivero, P.J., Sand\u00faa, X., P\u00e9rez, G., Palacio, J.F., and Rodr\u00edguez, R.J. (2023). Antifungal Activity of Chitosan\/Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Blend Electrospun Polymeric Fiber Mat Doped with Metallic Silver Nanoparticles. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15183700"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1021\/acsanm.3c06052","article-title":"Silver Nanoparticles Supported onto TEMPO-Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibers for Promoting Cd2+ Cation Adsorption","volume":"7","author":"Riva","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Nano Mater."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2016.07.015","article-title":"Fabrication of silver nanoparticles embedded into polyvinyl alcohol (Ag\/PVA) composite nanofibrous films through electrospinning for antibacterial and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, L., Zhu, W., Hu, X., Lin, Y., Machmudah, S., Kanda, H., and Goto, M. (2022). PVP\/Highly Dispersed AgNPs Nanofibers Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Electrospinning. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14030599"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, C., Wang, H., Zhao, X., Yang, K., Meng, Q., and Zhang, L. (2023). Fabrication of Unidirectional Water Permeable PS\/PET Composite Nanofibers Modified with Silver Nanoparticles via Electrospinning. Membranes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/membranes13030257"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"1029","article-title":"Evaluation of strategies to incorporate silver nanoparticles into electrospun microfibers for the preparation of wound dressings and their antimicrobial activity","volume":"62","author":"Grande","year":"2023","journal-title":"Polym.-Plast. Technol. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.03.010","article-title":"Electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers loaded with silver nanoparticles by silver mirror reaction","volume":"51","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-022-11225-7","article-title":"Thermal and mechanical characterization of complex electrospun systems based on polycaprolactone and gelatin","volume":"147","author":"Longo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structural and Morphological Characterization of Micro and Nanofibers Produced by Electrospinning and Solution Blow Spinning: A Comparative Study","volume":"2013","author":"Oliveira","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36023","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA07283E","article-title":"Study of electrospun nanofibers loaded with Ru(ii) phenanthroline complexes as a potential material for use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)","volume":"13","author":"Iglesias","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20230016","DOI":"10.1002\/EXP.20230016","article-title":"Electrospun PEO\/PEG fibers as potential flexible phase change materials for thermal energy regulation","volume":"4","author":"Soo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exploration"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2023.112037","article-title":"Bead-free and beaded electrospun phase change fibers: A comparative study","volume":"191","author":"Chrysafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matchemphys.2022.127201","article-title":"n-Eicosane-Impregnated nonwoven phase change mats of electrospun Poly(ethylene oxide)\/Poly(methyl methacrylate) blended fibers","volume":"296","author":"Chrysafi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymertesting.2025.108879","article-title":"Electrospun fibers\/nanofibers loaded with phase change materials: Characterization, applications and challenges","volume":"150","author":"Nourani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Polym. Test."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gedik, B., and Erdem, M.A. (2025). Electrospun PCL membranes for localized drug delivery and bone regeneration. BMC Biotechnol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12896-025-00965-7"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20240324","DOI":"10.1590\/1517-7076-rmat-2024-0324","article-title":"Enhancing thermal and mechanical properties of polycaprolactone nanofibers with graphene and graphene oxide reinforcement for biomedical applications","volume":"29","author":"Thangavel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mat\u00e9ria"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1007\/s42341-024-00571-y","article-title":"Synthesis and Evaluation Structural, Thermal and Electrical Properties for PCL\/TiO2 Nanocomposites","volume":"26","author":"Rasheed","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trans. Electr. Electron. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"477","article-title":"The Combination of Graphene and Polycaprolactone Scaffolds Enhancing Bone Mineralization and Hydroxyapatite","volume":"20","author":"Anitasari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0126(200006)49:6<623::AID-PI435>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Novel FTIR method for determining the crystallinity of poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"49","author":"He","year":"2000","journal-title":"Polym. Int."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1186\/s40712-025-00293-w","article-title":"Natural dye modification of polyethylene oxide: Optical characterization and dielectric enhancement","volume":"20","author":"Aziz","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sarwar, M., Ullah, A., Haider Md Hussain, N., Ullah, S., Hashmi, M., Khan, M.Q., and Kim, I.S. (2021). Evaluating Antibacterial Efficacy and Biocompatibility of PAN Nanofibers Loaded with Diclofenac Sodium Salt. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040510"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bazgir, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., Elies, J., Saeinasab, M., Coates, P., Youseffi, M., and Sefat, F. (2021). Degradation and Characterisation of Electrospun Polycaprolactone (PCL) and Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Scaffolds for Vascular Tissue Engineering. Materials, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma14174773"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Can-Herrera, L.A., Oliva, A.I., Dzul-Cervantes, M.A.A., Pacheco-Salazar, O.F., and Cervantes-Uc, J.M. (2021). Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Electrospun Polycaprolactone Scaffolds: Effect of Applied Voltage. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13040662"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7891","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S175619","article-title":"Electrospun nanofiber blend with improved mechanical and biological performance","volume":"13","author":"Lobo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2011.08.015","article-title":"Mechanical testing of electrospun PCL fibers","volume":"8","author":"Croisier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kupka, V., Dvo\u0159\u00e1kov\u00e1, E., Manakhov, A., Michl\u00ed\u010dek, M., Petru\u0161, J., Vojtov\u00e1, L., and Zaj\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, L. (2020). Well-Blended PCL\/PEO Electrospun Nanofibers with Functional Properties Enhanced by Plasma Processing. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061403"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leon\u00e9s, A., Mujica-Garcia, A., Arrieta, M.P., Salaris, V., Lopez, D., Kenny, J.M., and Peponi, L. (2020). Organic and Inorganic PCL-Based Electrospun Fibers. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12061325"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37899","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA06746D","article-title":"Electrospun poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)\/silver nanoparticle nanofibrous scaffolds with antibacterial activity for wound-dressing applications","volume":"15","author":"Alfalluji","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alven, S., Buyana, B., Feketshane, Z., and Aderibigbe, B.A. (2021). Electrospun Nanofibers\/Nanofibrous Scaffolds Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles as Effective Antibacterial Wound Dressing Materials. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13070964"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"9920755","article-title":"Antimicrobial Effect of Electrospun Nanofibers Loaded with Silver Nanoparticles: Influence of Ag Incorporation Method","volume":"2021","author":"Bogdanchikova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Nanomater."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120143","article-title":"Polycaprolactone based electrospun matrices loaded with Ag\/hydroxyapatite as wound dressings: Morphology, cell adhesion, and antibacterial activity","volume":"593","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korniienko, V., Husak, Y., Diedkova, K., Varava, Y., Grebnevs, V., Pogorielova, O., B\u0113rti\u0146\u0161, M., Korniienko, V., Zandersone, B., and Ramanaviciene, A. (2024). Antibacterial Potential and Biocompatibility of Chitosan\/Polycaprolactone Nanofibrous Membranes Incorporated with Silver Nanoparticles. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16121729"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torres-Pedroza Mdel, C., Mart\u00ednez-\u00c1vila, A.F., Juarez-Moreno, K., Estevez, M., \u00c1lvarez-Contreras, L., Cruz-Soto, M.E., Granados-L\u00f3pez, L., Arjona, N., and Espa\u00f1a-S\u00e1nchez, B.L. (2025). Multifunctional Biological Performance of Electrospun PCL Scaffolds Formulated with Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17020230"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/711\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,13]],"date-time":"2026-06-13T04:27:15Z","timestamp":1781324835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/6\/711"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18060711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18060711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]]}}}