{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:47:45Z","timestamp":1782456465718,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Thailand Science Research and Innovation (TSRI) National Science, Research and Innovation Fund (NSRF)","award":["218625"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["218625"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Conventional transdermal drug delivery systems are often limited by poor skin permeability and low drug loading efficiency, necessitating the development of advanced delivery platforms. Objectives: This study aimed to develop and optimize photopolymerizable bioinks (PBs) for liquid crystal display (LCD)-based 3D printing of crosslinked hydrogel microneedles (cHMNs) to enhance transdermal delivery of estradiol valerate (E2V). Methods: A Box\u2013Behnken design (BBD) was used to optimize the effects of Gantrez\u2122 S-97, Jurymer\u2122, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) on viscosity, exposure time, hardness, and elasticity, with strong predictive performance (R2 = 0.9702\u20130.9907). Results: Estradiol valerate-loaded nanoparticles (E2V-NPs) were prepared via ionotropic gelation, exhibiting a particle size of 698.33 (0.78) nm, PDI of 0.50 (0.06), zeta potential of \u221239.09 (7.32) mV, and high encapsulation efficiency (86.87 (0.78)%). The optimized PBs enabled fabrication of uniform cHMNs (~800 \u00b5m height) with adequate mechanical strength (hardness 20.45 (1.23) N; elasticity 2.97 (0.49) MPa) and effective insertion capability. The E2V-NPs-loaded cHMNs exhibited sustained drug release over 12 days (~56.92 (4.27)%). Skin permeation studies showed a significantly enhanced flux (10.81 (4.55) \u00b5g\/cm2\/h) and cumulative permeation (12.94 (2.06) \u00b5g\/cm2) compared to topical E2V-NPs and suspension, along with increased skin accumulation (38.55 (0.10) \u00b5g). Cytotoxicity studies confirmed that E2V and E2V-NPs were biocompatible (&gt;80% viability), while PBs showed concentration-dependent cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Overall, this integrated platform combining design of experiment, nanoparticles, microneedles, and LCD 3D printing offered a promising strategy for enhancing transdermal drug delivery efficiency and reproducibility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070772","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"772","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Design and Development of a Bioink for Fabricating Crosslinked Hydrogel Microneedles via 3D Printing for Transdermal Delivery of Estradiol Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3280-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Southamany","family":"Sisavengsouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Teeratas","family":"Kansom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Boonnada","family":"Pamornpathomkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Porawan","family":"Aumklad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OLIC (Thailand) Limited, Bang Pa-in, Ayutthaya 13160, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4260-6097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanasait","family":"Ngawhirunpat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4878-2529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Praneet","family":"Opanasopit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6944-9514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Phuvamin","family":"Suriyaamporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmaceutical Development of Green Innovations Group (PDGIG), Division of Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"},{"name":"Research and Innovation Center for Advanced Therapy Medicinal Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Transdermal Drug Delivery Systems: A Focused Review of the Physical Methods of Permeation Enhancement","volume":"14","author":"Vaseem","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. 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