{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T14:01:19Z","timestamp":1785420079733,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82471039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471039"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82203260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203260"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82271041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82471039"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82471039"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82203260"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82203260"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82271041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82271041"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Biomaterials and Regenerative Medicine Institute Cooperative Research Project, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine","award":["2022LHA06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022LHA06"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Keratoconus, a progressive corneal ectasia, remains a major cause of irreversible visual impairment worldwide. Conventional corneal cross-linking (CXL) with riboflavin\/ultraviolet A (UVA) has revolutionized clinical management, yet its efficacy is still constrained by epithelial barriers, oxygen dependence, and safety concerns in thin corneas. Emerging nanotechnology provides a transformative opportunity to overcome these bottlenecks. This review highlights the enhancement of riboflavin delivery efficiency by nanocarriers, the photodynamic optimization of nano-enhanced cross-linking agents, and the synergistic strengthening effect of nanocomposites on corneal mechanical strength. We emphasize not only their potential to enhance drug penetration, improve cross-linking efficiency, and extend clinical indications, but also their role in advancing toward a new generation of personalized, intelligent, and minimally invasive corneal therapy. Finally, we discuss translational challenges, including manufacturing, long-term biosafety, and regulatory frameworks, and present a theoretical roadmap that integrates nanotechnology, real-time imaging, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted decision-making to achieve a closed-loop \u201csense\u2013decide\u2013act\u201d therapeutic system. By situating nanomaterial-enhanced CXL within precision ophthalmology, this review highlights its capacity to redefine the standard of care for keratoconus and related ectatic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070778","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:52:11Z","timestamp":1782453131000},"page":"778","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanomaterial-Enhanced Corneal Cross-Linking: Engineering Strategies for Transforming Keratoconus Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4554-5483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqin","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"},{"name":"College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yao","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"},{"name":"College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People\u2019s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China"},{"name":"College of Health Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00565-3","article-title":"Keratoconus","volume":"10","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-9235.1997.tb04626.x","article-title":"Keratoconus: Age of Onset and Natural History","volume":"74","year":"1997","journal-title":"Optom. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(86)90817-2","article-title":"A 48-Year Clinical and Epidemiologic Study of Keratoconus","volume":"101","author":"Kennedy","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002150","article-title":"The Prevalence and Risk Factors for Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"39","author":"Hashemi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4835(80)80027-3","article-title":"Biomechanical Properties of Keratoconus and Normal Corneas","volume":"31","author":"Andreassen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"121","article-title":"Collagen Fibril Orientation in the Human Corneal Stroma and Its Implication in Keratoconus","volume":"38","author":"Daxer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/02713680903477824","article-title":"Are Proteinases the Reason for Keratoconus?","volume":"35","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2012.09.005","article-title":"Changes in Lysyl Oxidase (LOX) Distribution and Its Decreased Activity in Keratoconus Corneas","volume":"104","author":"Dudakova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(02)02220-1","article-title":"Riboflavin\/Ultraviolet-a-Induced Collagen Crosslinking for the Treatment of Keratoconus","volume":"135","author":"Wollensak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Wu, J., Lin, X., Wu, X., Yu, X., Wang, B., and Xu, W. (2022). Tacrolimus Loaded Cationic Liposomes for Dry Eye Treatment. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.838168"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, B., Li, G., Liu, J., Li, X., Zhang, S., Sun, F., and Liu, W. (2021). Nanotechnology for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13122035"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pei, K., Georgi, M., Hill, D., Lam, C.F.J., Wei, W., and Cordeiro, M.F. (2024). Review: Neuroprotective Nanocarriers in Glaucoma. Pharmaceuticals, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17091190"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2109865","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202109865","article-title":"Engineering Hibiscus-like Riboflavin\/ZIF-8 Microsphere Composites to Enhance Transepithelial Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5508","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49645-8","article-title":"Development of Graphitic Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots-Based Oxygen Self-Sufficient Platforms for Enhanced Corneal Crosslinking","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"CD013512","article-title":"Transepithelial versus Epithelium-off Corneal Crosslinking for Progressive Keratoconus","volume":"3","author":"Ng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.01.009","article-title":"Corneal Crosslinking: Riboflavin Concentration in Corneal Stroma Exposed with and without Epithelium","volume":"35","author":"Baiocchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01713-4","article-title":"New Perspectives in Keratoconus Treatment: An Update on Iontophoresis-Assisted Corneal Collagen Crosslinking","volume":"41","author":"Vinciguerra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000001965","article-title":"Iontophoretic Transepithelial Collagen Cross-Linking versus Epithelium-off Collagen Cross-Linking in Pediatric Patients: 3-Year Follow-Up","volume":"38","author":"Buzzonetti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e601","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13032","article-title":"Standard Corneal Collagen Crosslinking versus Transepithelial Iontophoresis-Assisted Corneal Crosslinking, 24 Months Follow-up: Randomized Control Trial","volume":"94","author":"Bikbova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000003075","article-title":"Corneal Cross-Linking: Epi-On","volume":"41","author":"Hafezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moiseev, R.V., Morrison, P.W.J., Steele, F., and Khutoryanskiy, V.V. (2019). Penetration Enhancers in Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11070321"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3109\/02713683.2010.481068","article-title":"Pharmacological Modification of the Epithelial Permeability by Benzalkonium Chloride in UVA\/Riboflavin Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking","volume":"35","author":"Kissner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2016.02.041","article-title":"Epithelium-on Corneal Collagen Crosslinking for Management of Advanced Keratoconus","volume":"42","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0000000000002821","article-title":"Transepithelial Diluted Alcohol and Iontophoresis-Assisted Corneal Crosslinking for Progressive Keratoconus in Adults: 4-Year Clinical Results","volume":"41","author":"Bilgihan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.09.051","article-title":"Enhancement of Corneal Permeation of Riboflavin-5\u2032-Phosphate through Vitamin E TPGS: A Promising Approach in Corneal Trans-Epithelial Cross Linking Treatment","volume":"440","author":"Ostacolo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.21043","article-title":"Polymeric Enhancers of Mucosal Epithelia Permeability: Synthesis, Transepithelial Penetration-Enhancing Properties, Mechanism of Action, Safety Issues","volume":"97","author":"Zambito","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.2.7.6","article-title":"The Biomechanical Effect of Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL) with Riboflavin and UV-a Is Oxygen Dependent","volume":"2","author":"Richoz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2361","article-title":"Photochemical Kinetics of Corneal Cross-Linking with Riboflavin","volume":"53","author":"Kamaev","year":"2012","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.11.001","article-title":"Oxygen Kinetics during Corneal Cross-Linking with and without Supplementary Oxygen","volume":"223","author":"Seiler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-021-01859-1","article-title":"The Efficiency and Safety of Oxygen-Supplemented Accelerated Transepithelial Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"41","author":"Aslan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200611-01","article-title":"Enrichment of Oxygen Concentration over Simulated Corneal Surface through Noncontact Oxygen Delivery Device","volume":"36","author":"Thaware","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"11206721221128862","article-title":"A Novel Low-Cost Indigenous Goggle Design for Oxygen Delivery in Oxygen Supplemented Accelerated Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking","volume":"33","author":"Sinha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2016.10.008","article-title":"Corneal Elasticity after Oxygen Enriched High Intensity Corneal Cross Linking Assessed Using Atomic Force Microscopy","volume":"153","author":"Diakonis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.08.021","article-title":"Accelerated Pulsed High-Fluence Corneal Cross-Linking for Progressive Keratoconus","volume":"221","author":"Gore","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20200406-02","article-title":"Iontophoresis Corneal Cross-Linking with Enhanced Fluence and Pulsed UV-a Light: 3-Year Clinical Results","volume":"36","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdel-Radi, M., Abdelmohsen, N., Abdelmotaal, H., and Abd El-Moneim, M.T. (2023). The Effect of Accelerated Pulsed High-Fluence Corneal Cross-Linking on Corneal Endothelium; a Prospective Specular Microscopy Study. BMC Ophthalmol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12886-023-02912-6"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e148","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20240208-01","article-title":"High-Fluence Epithelium-off Accelerated Pulsed Corneal Cross-Linking (15 mW\/Cm2; 7.2 J\/Cm2) for Pediatric Keratoconus: A 3-Year Retrospective Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Fasciani","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06622-7","article-title":"Pulsed Corneal Crosslinking in the Treatment of Keratoconus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"263","author":"Qureshi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-015-0025-3","article-title":"Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking (CXL) in Thin Corneas","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.10.060","article-title":"Collagen Crosslinking with Ultraviolet-a and Hypoosmolar Riboflavin Solution in Thin Corneas","volume":"35","author":"Hafezi","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118801130","article-title":"Biomechanical Efficacy of Corneal Cross-Linking Using Hypoosmolar Riboflavin Solution","volume":"29","author":"Wollensak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31820143d1","article-title":"Limitation of Collagen Cross-Linking with Hypoosmolar Riboflavin Solution: Failure in an Extremely Thin Cornea","volume":"30","author":"Hafezi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20140523-01","article-title":"Contact Lens-Assisted Collagen Cross-Linking (CACXL): A New Technique for Cross-Linking Thin Corneas","volume":"30","author":"Jacob","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20151111-08","article-title":"Increased Biomechanical Efficacy of Corneal Cross-Linking in Thin Corneas Due to Higher Oxygen Availability","volume":"31","author":"Kling","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S66372","article-title":"Customized Epithelial Debridement for Thin Ectatic Corneas Undergoing Corneal Cross-Linking: Epithelial Island Cross-Linking Technique","volume":"8","author":"Mazzotta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20180830-01","article-title":"Oxygen Diffusion May Limit the Biomechanical Effectiveness of Iontophoresis-Assisted Transepithelial Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"34","author":"Kling","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1403_18","article-title":"Current Concepts in Crosslinking Thin Corneas","volume":"67","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205-014-0214-0","article-title":"Nanoemulsion: An Advanced Mode of Drug Delivery System","volume":"5","author":"Jaiswal","year":"2015","journal-title":"3 Biotech"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2013.0114","article-title":"Novel Ofloxacin-Loaded Microemulsion Formulations for Ocular Delivery","volume":"30","author":"Ertan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bottos, K.M., Oliveira, A.G., Bersanetti, P.A., Nogueira, R.F., Lima-Filho, A.A.S., Cardillo, J.A., Schor, P., and Chamon, W. (2013). Corneal Absorption of a New Riboflavin-Nanostructured System for Transepithelial Collagen Cross-Linking. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0066408"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcis.2015.02.011","article-title":"Water-Dilutable Microemulsions for Transepithelial Ocular Delivery of Riboflavin Phosphate","volume":"463","author":"Lidich","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Colloid Interface Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2018.09.063","article-title":"Potentiality of Microemulsion Systems in Treatment of Ophthalmic Disorders: Keratoconus and Dry Eye Syndrome\u2014In Vivo Study","volume":"173","author":"Lidich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3041","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2017.05.022","article-title":"Delivery of Riboflavin-5\u2032-Monophosphate into the Cornea: Can Liposomes Provide Any Enhancement Effects?","volume":"106","author":"Kandzija","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2012.716845","article-title":"Nanostructured Lipid Carriers System: Recent Advances in Drug Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Iqbal","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Drug Target."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.05.017","article-title":"Design of Ocular Drug Delivery Platforms and in Vitro\u2014In Vivo Evaluation of Riboflavin to the Cornea by Non-Interventional (Epi-on) Technique for Keratoconus Treatment","volume":"324","author":"Aytekin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhter, M.H., Ahmad, I., Alshahrani, M.Y., Al-Harbi, A.I., Khalilullah, H., Afzal, O., Altamimi, A.S.A., Najib Ullah, S.N.M., Ojha, A., and Karim, S. (2022). Drug Delivery Challenges and Current Progress in Nanocarrier-Based Ocular Therapeutic System. Gels, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/gels8020082"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_303_22","article-title":"Lactoferrin and Its Nano-Formulations in Rare Eye Diseases","volume":"70","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Garc\u00eda-Otero, X., D\u00edaz-Tom\u00e9, V., Regueiro, U., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, M., Gonz\u00e1lez-Barcia, M., Isabel Lema, M., and Otero-Espinar, F.J. (2022). Mucoadhesive PLGA Nanospheres and Nanocapsules for Lactoferrin Controlled Ocular Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14040799"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.16-20813","article-title":"Biomechanical Strengthening of the Human Cornea Induced by Nanoplatform-Based Transepithelial Riboflavin\/UV-a Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"58","author":"Labate","year":"2017","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2006335","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202006335","article-title":"Hydrogels as Emerging Materials for Cornea Wound Healing","volume":"17","author":"Khosravimelal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"333","article-title":"A \u201cT.E.S.T.\u201d Hydrogel Bioadhesive Assisted by Corneal Cross-Linking for in Situ Sutureless Corneal Repair","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125435","article-title":"Optimizing Riboflavin Delivery with Co-Crystal and in Situ Hydrogel Formulations for Management of Keratoconus: A Comprehensive Investigation with in Vitro, Ex Vivo and in Vivo Studies","volume":"674","author":"Aytekin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leu, J.S.L., Teoh, J.J.X., Ling, A.L.Q., Chong, J., Loo, Y.S., Mat Azmi, I.D., Zahid, N.I., Bose, R.J.C., and Madheswaran, T. (2023). Recent Advances in the Development of Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15051421"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2013.850707","article-title":"Self-Assembled Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as an Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System. Part I: Influence of Process Parameters on Their Preparation Studied by Experimental Design","volume":"41","author":"Achouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.3109\/03639045.2014.884113","article-title":"Self-Assembled Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles as an Ophthalmic Drug Delivery System. Part II: Optimization of Formulation Variables Using Experimental Design","volume":"41","author":"Achouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801526","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.201801526","article-title":"Metal-Organic Framework-Based Stimuli-Responsive Systems for Drug Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Cai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2301270","DOI":"10.1002\/smtd.202301270","article-title":"Tunable Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small Methods"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205754","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202205754","article-title":"Functional Carbon Quantum Dots for Ocular Imaging and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"19","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, T., Liu, Y., Zhang, W., Jiang, Q., Jin, Y., Lin, L., Wang, L., Gu, Z., Lin, M., and Chen, S. (2026). N, S Co-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots-Riboflavin Composite Photosensitizers for Enhanced Iontophoresis-Assisted Corneal Cross-Linking. Adv. Sci.","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202510396"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.115082","article-title":"Microneedles for Advanced Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"201","author":"Glover","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02851-4","article-title":"Responsive Porous Microneedles with Riboflavin Ocular Microinjection Capability for Facilitating Corneal Crosslinking","volume":"22","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2408136","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202408136","article-title":"Customized Corneal Cross-Linking with Microneedle-Mediated Riboflavin Delivery for Keratoconus Treatment","volume":"36","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5343","DOI":"10.1039\/D5TB00163C","article-title":"A Dissolving Microneedle Patch Enables Minimally Invasive Riboflavin Delivery and Enhances Corneal Crosslinking in Keratoconus Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.03.035","article-title":"Complication and Failure Rates after Corneal Crosslinking","volume":"35","author":"Koller","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4207","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NA00308H","article-title":"Hydrophobic Ion Pairing: Encapsulating Small Molecules, Peptides, and Proteins into Nanocarriers","volume":"1","author":"Ristroph","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2026.01.023","article-title":"Fluorinated ROS-Responsive Polycation Enables Noninvasive siRNA Delivery for the Treatment of Corneal Neovascularization","volume":"212","author":"Chen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101695","article-title":"LNP-Encapsulated miRNA29b for Corneal Repair: A Novel Approach to Combat Fibrosis","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-022-03460-2","article-title":"Structure and Function of Cationic and Ionizable Lipids for Nucleic Acid Delivery","volume":"40","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2926","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chempr.2019.08.015","article-title":"A Highly Porous Metal-Organic Framework System to Deliver Payloads for Gene Knockdown","volume":"5","author":"Teplensky","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.01.043","article-title":"PLGA-Based Nanoparticles: An Overview of Biomedical Applications","volume":"161","author":"Danhier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2009.08.008","article-title":"Self-Assembled and Nanostructured Hydrogels for Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering","volume":"4","author":"Chung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7376","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.14-15257","article-title":"Intrastromal Delivery of Bevacizumab Using Microneedles to Treat Corneal Neovascularization","volume":"55","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2025.101779","article-title":"Oxygen-Releasing Microneedles Enhance the Therapeutic Effect of Corneal Ectasia by Increasing Corneal Oxygen Content and Riboflavin Concentration during Cross-Linking","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2019.02.098","article-title":"Photocrosslinking of Collagen Using Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Complex Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"215","author":"Thangavel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta. A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2022.05.040","article-title":"Ruthenium-Induced Corneal Collagen Crosslinking under Visible Light","volume":"147","author":"Gulzar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25042","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71871-9","article-title":"A Unique and Biocompatible Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Vivo","volume":"14","author":"Gulzar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-11509","article-title":"Collagen Cross-Linking Using Rose Bengal and Green Light to Increase Corneal Stiffness","volume":"54","author":"Cherfan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1845","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.19-26604","article-title":"Enhancing Rose Bengal-Photosensitized Protein Crosslinking in the Cornea","volume":"60","author":"Wertheimer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.14.5.22","article-title":"The Efficacy and Safety of Oxygen-Enriched Rose Bengal and Green Light Corneal Crosslinking","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5445","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00980-16","article-title":"Broad-Spectrum Antimicrobial Effects of Photocatalysis Using Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Are Strongly Potentiated by Addition of Potassium Iodide","volume":"60","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37057-5","article-title":"Investigating the Use of Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles on the Amount of Protection against UV Irradiation","volume":"13","author":"Ghamarpoor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8501","DOI":"10.1166\/jnn.2010.2682","article-title":"Nano Titanium Dioxide Induces the Generation of ROS and Potential Damage in HaCaT Cells under UVA Irradiation","volume":"10","author":"Xue","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38003","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.3.038003","article-title":"Nonlinear Optical Collagen Cross-Linking and Mechanical Stiffening: A Possible Photodynamic Therapeutic Approach to Treating Corneal Ectasia","volume":"18","author":"Chai","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1364\/OPTICA.3.000469","article-title":"Selective Two-Photon Collagen Crosslinking in Situ Measured by Brillouin Microscopy","volume":"3","author":"Kwok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Optica"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5067","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.468593","article-title":"Effectiveness of Collagen Cross-Linking Induced by Two-Photon Absorption Properties of a Femtosecond Laser in Ex Vivo Human Corneal Stroma","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200160","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.202200160","article-title":"Two-Photon Collagen Crosslinking in Ex Vivo Human Corneal Lenticules Induced by near-Infrared Femtosecond Laser","volume":"16","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.06.068","article-title":"Imaging Corneal Crosslinking by Autofluorescence 2-Photon Microscopy, Second Harmonic Generation, and Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements","volume":"36","author":"Steven","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cataract Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10241","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46572-3","article-title":"Early Evaluation of Corneal Collagen Crosslinking in Ex-Vivo Human Corneas Using Two-Photon Imaging","volume":"9","author":"Batista","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista, A., Guimar\u00e3es, P., Domingues, J.P., Quadrado, M.J., and Morgado, A.M. (2022). Two-Photon Imaging for Non-Invasive Corneal Examination. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22249699"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-025-00454-0","article-title":"The Microenvironment of Ocular Surface in Keratoconus: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Niazi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2019.03.016","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Keratoconus\u2014Too Much of a Good Thing?","volume":"182","author":"Ali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(01)00913-8","article-title":"Treatment of Recalcitrant Recurrent Corneal Erosions with Inhibitors of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9, Doxycycline and Corticosteroids","volume":"132","author":"Dursun","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.06.022","article-title":"Design and in Vitro Evaluation of Doxycycline Hyclate Niosomes as a Potential Ocular Delivery System","volume":"567","author":"Gugleva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.3109\/10717544.2014.893381","article-title":"Engineering of Polymer\u2013Surfactant Nanoparticles of Doxycycline Hydrochloride for Ocular Drug Delivery","volume":"22","author":"Pokharkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-006-6149-9","article-title":"Lysyl Oxidase: An Oxidative Enzyme and Effector of Cell Function","volume":"63","author":"Lucero","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci. CMLS"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689008995204","article-title":"Ascorbate-Enhanced Copper Toxicity on Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells in Vitro","volume":"9","author":"Yu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Curr. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130218","article-title":"Construction of a PEGDA\/Chitosan Hydrogel Incorporating Mineralized Copper-Doped Mesoporous Silica Nanospheres for Accelerated Bone Regeneration","volume":"262","author":"Hia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.01.073","article-title":"Hybrid Injectable Platforms for the in Situ Delivery of Therapeutic Ions from Mesoporous Glasses","volume":"340","author":"Pontremoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(99)00176-1","article-title":"Two Multicenter, Randomized Studies of the Efficacy and Safety of Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion in Moderate to Severe Dry Eye Disease1","volume":"107","author":"Sall","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Regueiro, U., L\u00f3pez-L\u00f3pez, M., Varela-Fern\u00e1ndez, R., Otero-Espinar, F.J., and Lema, I. (2023). Biomedical Applications of Lactoferrin on the Ocular Surface. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15030865"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2011.01.010","article-title":"Development and Characterization of Cyclosporine a Loaded Nanoparticles for Ocular Drug Delivery: Cellular Toxicity, Uptake, and Kinetic Studies","volume":"151","author":"Aksungur","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Control. Release Off. J. Control. Release Soc."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202200142","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.202200142","article-title":"Functional Nanomaterials in Biomedicine: Current Uses and Potential Applications","volume":"17","author":"Rahdar","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemMedChem"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1097\/00003226-200401000-00008","article-title":"Keratocyte Apoptosis after Corneal Collagen Cross-Linking Using Riboflavin\/UVA Treatment","volume":"23","author":"Wollensak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-025-03928-1","article-title":"Transepithelial Corneal Cross-Linking: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2023.114868","article-title":"Trans-Corneal Drug Delivery Strategies in the Treatment of Ocular Diseases","volume":"198","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118997","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118997","article-title":"Ocular Toxicity and Potential Mechanism of Nanomaterials: An Issue Worthy of Investigation","volume":"303","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1039\/C5CS00699F","article-title":"In Vivo Degeneration and the Fate of Inorganic Nanoparticles","volume":"45","author":"Feliu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-014-0177-9","article-title":"Nanomedicine Scale-up Technologies: Feasibilities and Challenges","volume":"15","author":"Paliwal","year":"2014","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, Z., Li, B., Peng, J., and Gao, D. (2022). Recent Development of Drug Delivery Systems through Microfluidics: From Synthesis to Evaluation. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14020434"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-G\u00f3mez, F.D., Monferrer, D., Penon, O., and Rivera-Gil, P. (2025). Regulatory Pathways and Guidelines for Nanotechnology-Enabled Health Products: A Comparative Review of EU and US Frameworks. Front. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2025.1544393"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-024-02994-6","article-title":"A Comparison of Keratoconus Progression Following Collagen Cross-Linkage Using Standard or Personalised Keratometry Thresholds","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2020.12.011","article-title":"Individualized Corneal Cross-Linking with Riboflavin and UV-a in Ultrathin Corneas: The Sub400 Protocol","volume":"224","author":"Hafezi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"CD014911","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence for Detecting Keratoconus","volume":"11","author":"Vandevenne","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2025.08.035","article-title":"Enhancing Early Keratoconus Detection with Multimodal Machine Learning: Integrating Tomography, Biomechanics, and Clinical Risk Factors","volume":"280","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xops.2025.100952","article-title":"Artificial Intelligence-Derived Biomechanical Index for Early Corneal Ectasia Detection: Advancing beyond Tomography","volume":"6","author":"Abdelmotaal","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ophthalmol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3928\/1081597X-20161206-01","article-title":"An Algorithm to Predict the Biomechanical Stiffening Effect in Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"33","author":"Kling","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00417-024-06451-8","article-title":"Real-Time Monitoring of Riboflavin Concentration Using Different Clinically Available Ophthalmic Formulations for Epi-off and Epi-on Corneal Cross-Linking","volume":"262","author":"Lombardo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2024.06.012","article-title":"Assessment of the Predictive Ability of Theranostics for Corneal Cross-Linking in Treating Keratoconus: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"131","author":"Roszkowska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16614","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67278-1","article-title":"Dynamic Evaluation of Corneal Cross-Linking and Osmotic Diffusion Effects Using Optical Coherence Elastography","volume":"14","author":"Frigelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/7\/778\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T06:10:30Z","timestamp":1782454230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/7\/778"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18070778"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070778","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}}}