{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T04:09:39Z","timestamp":1789790979201,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles are widely used for sustained drug delivery, yet the release behavior reported in the literature remains difficult to predict across studies. It was hypothesized that this limitation reflects insufficient information content in commonly reported formulation variables rather than model inadequacy. Methods: A curated dataset of 321 PLGA microparticle formulations from 113 publications comprising 89 drugs and 4913 release observations was analyzed. Early time release was parameterized using Korsmeyer\u2013Peppas descriptors (n, K), and burst release was quantified as the 24 h cumulative release. Machine learning models were evaluated using formulation-grouped cross-validation, applicability-domain analysis, and leave-one-study-out validation to assess cross-laboratory transportability. Results: Under formulation-grouped validation, predictability was limited (stacked ensemble: R2=0.156 for n, R2=0.169 for K, burst R2=0.100). Leave-one-study-out validation yielded negative pooled R2 values for all targets (\u22120.061, \u22120.040, and \u22120.180, respectively), indicating failure to generalize across laboratories. Applicability-domain filtering did not materially improve performance, supporting the interpretation that prediction is limited by missing or inconsistently reported variables rather than covariate extrapolation alone. Conclusions: These results reveal an information-limited regime in PLGA release prediction in which the literature covariates enable only weak formulation-level prediction under grouped validation and cannot support transferable models. Minimum reporting priorities are therefore proposed, including standardized characterization of polymer molecular weight, end-group chemistry, quantitative emulsification and solvent-removal parameters, and microstructural or porosity measurements, to enable reproducible formulation screening.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:01:17Z","timestamp":1782813677000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Diagnosing the Information Limits of In Vitro Drug Release from PLGA Microparticle Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Kushaan","family":"Sharma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Austin, TX 78712, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7063-6634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aryan","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M University, 400 Bizzell St., College Station, TX 77840, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syna","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Houston, 4302 University Dr., Houston, TX 77004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2761-6064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shreyan","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"William P. Clements High School, 4200 Elkins Rd., Sugar Land, TX 77479, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3649-3874","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansoor A.","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 159 Reynolds Medical Building, Mail Stop 1114, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariame","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas A&M University, 206 Olsen Blvd., MS 1114, College Station, TX 77843, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.3390\/polym3031377","article-title":"Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) as Biodegradable Controlled Drug Delivery Carrier","volume":"3","author":"Makadia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Polymers"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2004.04.013","article-title":"Polymer microspheres for controlled drug release","volume":"282","author":"Freiberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. 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