{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:44:00Z","timestamp":1785437040593,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness to the Hamilton Eye Institute","award":["EY029950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY029950"]}]},{"name":"Research to Prevent Blindness to the Hamilton Eye Institute","award":["1S10OD016226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD016226"]}]},{"award":["EY029950"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY029950"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["1S10OD016226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10OD016226"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04drjs621","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Tennessee Research Foundation"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/020f3ap87","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hamilton Endowed Professorship"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009872","name":"UTHSC Neuroscience Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009872","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0011qv509","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UTHSC Collaborative Research Network"},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0011qv509","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Southwest National Primates Research Center","award":["P51 OD011133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P51 OD011133"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012403","name":"Texas Biomedical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012403","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00wbskb04","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001641","name":"Glaucoma Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001641","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05ez53b31","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Despite available treatment options, glaucoma continues to be a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Current medications have multiple limitations, including rapid drainage, ocular irritation, requirement for multiple daily dosings, and systemic side effects. The current study was designed to engineer and characterize a pregabalin-containing enhanced delivery formulation (PRG-EDF) to directly address these inadequacies. Methods: PRG-EDF eye drops were prepared using ingredients that are either U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for ophthalmic use or have established safety profiles. The formulation was characterized using multiple evaluations, including pH, zetasizer analyses, viscosity, in vitro drug release, transcorneal permeability, determination of dose concentration and volume, systemic exposure, and potential for tachyphylaxis. Efficacy was evaluated using both Dutch belted rabbits and baboons. Results: PRG-EDF provides extended release for up to 24 h. Ex vivo data reveal that PRG-EDF does not alter the inherent high PRG corneal permeability. An intraocular pressure (IOP) study using DB rabbits demonstrates that 40 \u00b5L of PRG-EDF, 0.6%, is the optimum dose of our formulation. Comparison of the efficacy of PRG-EDF with commercial products demonstrated its superiority in overall IOP-lowering efficacy. An extended in vivo assessment demonstrated that the potency of PRG-EDF reached maximum IOP-lowering amplitude after 4 weeks of daily dosing. Moreover, an in vivo bioadhesion assay demonstrated that EDF remained on the ocular surface for up to 24 h. Impressively, PRG-EDF is as effective in baboons as in rabbits. Conclusions: We have successfully engineered a highly promising once-daily glaucoma medication with superior efficacy, as illustrated by higher IOP-lowering ability and prolonged duration of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070822","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T15:52:24Z","timestamp":1783007544000},"page":"822","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Promising Glaucoma Medication: A Comprehensive Translational Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Doaa Nabih","family":"Maria","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Moustafa","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5845-8270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara N.","family":"Maria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4021-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monica M.","family":"Jablonski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.80.5.389","article-title":"Number of People with Glaucoma Worldwide","volume":"80","author":"Quigley","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1967","article-title":"Latanoprost in the Treatment of Glaucoma","volume":"8","author":"Alm","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"4146124","article-title":"Timolol 0.1% in Glaucomatous Patients: Efficacy, Tolerance, and Quality of Life","volume":"2019","author":"Negri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.2147\/tcrm.2006.2.4.337","article-title":"Brimonidine in the Treatment of Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension","volume":"2","author":"Cantor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ther. Clin. Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.09.005","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of First-Line Medications for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-019-0671-0","article-title":"New Glaucoma Medications: Latanoprostene Bunod, Netarsudil, and Fixed Combination Netarsudil-Latanoprost","volume":"34","author":"Mehran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12853","article-title":"Latanoprostene Bunod Ophthalmic Solution 0.024%: A New Treatment Option for Open-Angle Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension","volume":"102","author":"Fingeret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Optom."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"(2017). Rhopressa\u00ae (Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution) Package Insert, Aerie Pharmaceuticals, Inc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-016-0385-7","article-title":"Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Latanoprostene Bunod 0.024% in Japanese Subjects with Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension: The Jupiter Study","volume":"33","author":"Kawase","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S154001","article-title":"Profile of Netarsudil Ophthalmic Solution and Its Potential in the Treatment of Open-Angle Glaucoma: Evidence to Date","volume":"12","author":"Dasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S93","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.73693","article-title":"Compliance and Adherence in Glaucoma Management","volume":"59","author":"Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/17469899.2019.1635456","article-title":"Medication Adherence in Patients with Ocular Hypertension or Glaucoma","volume":"14","author":"Robin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00837-5","article-title":"Systems Genetics Identifies a Role for Cacna2d1 Regulation in Elevated Intraocular Pressure and Glaucoma Susceptibility","volume":"8","author":"Chintalapudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13728","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b07214","article-title":"Once Daily Pregabalin Eye Drops for Management of Glaucoma","volume":"13","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.07.061","article-title":"Evaluation of Pregabalin Bioadhesive Multilayered Microemulsion IOP-Lowering Eye Drops","volume":"373","author":"Maria","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"327","article-title":"A Novel Method for the Determination of Pregabalin in Bulk Pharmaceutical Formulations and Human Urine Samples","volume":"3","author":"Gujral","year":"2009","journal-title":"Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt081","article-title":"Pregabalin Determination in Hair by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"37","author":"Pauly","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roy Chowdhury, U., Kudgus, R.A., Rinkoski, T.A., Holman, B.H., Bahler, C.K., Hann, C.R., Reid, J.M., Dosa, P.I., and Fautsch, M.P. (2020). Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Profile of the Novel Ocular Hypotensive Prodrug CKLP1 in Dutch-Belted Pigmented Rabbits. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231841"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0168","article-title":"Consequences of Puberty on Efficacy of Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Drugs in Male Dutch-Belted Rabbits","volume":"34","author":"Hays","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2014.0146","article-title":"Effect of AR-13324 on Episcleral Venous Pressure in Dutch Belted Rabbits","volume":"31","author":"Kiel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.62.3.17","article-title":"NCX 667, a Novel Nitric Oxide Donor, Lowers Intraocular Pressure in Rabbits, Dogs, and Non-Human Primates and Enhances TGFbeta2-Induced Outflow in HTM\/HSC Constructs","volume":"62","author":"Bastia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12065","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-62097-w","article-title":"Age-Related Changes of Intraocular Pressure in Dutch Belted Rabbits","volume":"14","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2372277","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2024.2372277","article-title":"Genistein Transfersome-Embedded Topical Delivery System for Skin Melanoma Treatment: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluations","volume":"31","author":"Motawea","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120990","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120990","article-title":"A Transferosome-Loaded Bigel for Enhanced Transdermal Delivery and Antibacterial Activity of Vancomycin Hydrochloride","volume":"607","author":"Maji","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"656","article-title":"Formulation and Evaluation of In Vitro Release Kinetics of Na3CaDTPA Decorporation Agent Embedded in Microemulsion-Based Gel Formulation for Topical Delivery","volume":"63","author":"Cojocaru","year":"2015","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119474","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119474","article-title":"Bioresponsive Nanostructured Systems for Sustained Naltrexone Release and Treatment of Alcohol Use Disorder: Development and Biological Evaluation","volume":"585","author":"Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maria, D.N., Maria, S.N., Jablonski, M.M., and Ibrahim, M.M. (2025). Nimodipine Nanoparticles: A Promising Approach for Glaucoma Management. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17111363"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.06.042","article-title":"Ocular Disposition of Ciprofloxacin from Topical, PEGylated Nanostructured Lipid Carriers: Effect of Molecular Weight and Density of Poly (Ethylene) Glycol","volume":"529","author":"Balguri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1884","article-title":"Effect of Oxidized Glutathione on the Barrier Function of the Corneal Endothelium","volume":"29","author":"Araie","year":"1988","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1990.01070080126049","article-title":"Intraocular Irrigating Solutions and Permeability of the Blood-Aqueous Barrier","volume":"108","author":"Araie","year":"1990","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, B., Elango, J., and Wu, W. (2020). Recent Advancement of Molecular Structure and Biomaterial Function of Chitosan from Marine Organisms for Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Application. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10144719"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aranaz, I., Alcantara, A.R., Civera, M.C., Arias, C., Elorza, B., Heras Caballero, A., and Acosta, N. (2021). Chitosan: An Overview of Its Properties and Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13193256"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2007.04.009","article-title":"Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight on the Tumor Targeting Characteristics of Self-Assembled Glycol Chitosan Nanoparticles","volume":"122","author":"Park","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, F., Jia, H.R., and Wu, F.G. (2019). Glycol Chitosan: A Water-Soluble Polymer for Cell Imaging and Drug Delivery. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24234371"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.12.038","article-title":"Self-Assembled Glycol Chitosan Nanoparticles for the Sustained and Prolonged Delivery of Antiangiogenic Small Peptide Drugs in Cancer Therapy","volume":"29","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900275","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201900275","article-title":"Toxicity-Attenuated Glycol Chitosan Adhesive Inspired by Mussel Adhesion Mechanisms","volume":"8","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"FDA-IID (2026). Food and Drug Administration Inactive Ingredients Database."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.10412","article-title":"Lecithin-Based Oil-in-Water Microemulsions for Parenteral Use: Pseudoternary Phase Diagrams, Characterization and Toxicity Studies","volume":"92","author":"Moreno","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.07.036","article-title":"Tacrolimus Loaded Biocompatible Lecithin-Based Microemulsions with Improved Skin Penetration: Structure Characterization and In Vitro\/In Vivo Performances","volume":"529","author":"Savic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-009-9268-4","article-title":"Nanoemulsion as a Potential Ophthalmic Delivery System for Dorzolamide Hydrochloride","volume":"10","author":"Ammar","year":"2009","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31802b492d","article-title":"Effect of an Oil-in-Water Emulsion on the Tear Physiology of Patients with Mild to Moderate Dry Eye","volume":"26","author":"Khanal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtos.2017.05.006","article-title":"TFOS DEWS II Management and Therapy Report","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ocul. Surf."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Labetoulle, M., Benitez-Del-Castillo, J.M., Barabino, S., Herrero Vanrell, R., Daull, P., Garrigue, J.S., and Rolando, M. (2022). Artificial Tears: Biological Role of Their Ingredients in the Management of Dry Eye Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052434"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-4040.85540","article-title":"Reduction in Drop Size of Ophthalmic Topical Drop Preparations and the Impact of Treatment","volume":"2","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Adv. Pharm. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.76478","article-title":"Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"3","author":"Shaikh","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"United States Pharmacopeial Convention (2005). Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms, Ophthalmic Preparation and Uniformity of Dosage Units Chapters. The United States Pharmacopeia, United States Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.. [29th ed.]. Available online: http:\/\/www.pharmacopeia.cn\/."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(93)90103-C","article-title":"The Preparation of Sub-200 nm Poly(Lactide-Co-Glycolide) Microspheres for Site-Specific Drug Delivery","volume":"25","author":"Scholes","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, J., Nair, A.B., Jacob, S., Patel, R.K., Shah, H., Shehata, T.M., and Morsy, M.A. (2019). Nanoemulsion Based Vehicle for Effective Ocular Delivery of Moxifloxacin Using Experimental Design and Pharmacokinetic Study in Rabbits. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11050230"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.0c05033","article-title":"Optimization of Surfactant- and Cosurfactant-Aided Pine Oil Nanoemulsions by Isothermal Low-Energy Methods for Anticholinesterase Activity","volume":"6","author":"Handa","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128071","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128071","article-title":"Soybean Lecithin-Stabilized Oil-in-Water (O\/W) Emulsions Increase the Stability and In Vitro Bioaccessibility of Bioactive Nutrients","volume":"338","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154.","DOI":"10.1186\/s44147-023-00322-5","article-title":"Stabilization of Oil\/Water Emulsions Using Soybean Lecithin as a Biobased Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery","volume":"70","author":"Tabaniag","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Eng. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.11.3.1","article-title":"Shear-Thinning and Temperature-Dependent Viscosity Relationships of Contemporary Ocular Lubricants","volume":"11","author":"Kapadia","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Vis. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryl, A., and Owczarz, P. (2020). Injectability of Thermosensitive, Low-Concentrated Chitosan Colloids as Flow Phenomenon through the Capillary under High Shear Rate Conditions. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102260"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/ICO.0b013e31821ea667","article-title":"Noninvasive, Objective, Multimodal Tear Dynamics Evaluation of 5 Over-the-Counter Tear Drops in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"31","author":"Tung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cornea"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S78184","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Two New Formulations of Artificial Tears in Subjects with Dry Eye Disease: A 3-Month, Multicenter, Active-Controlled, Randomized Trial","volume":"9","author":"Simmons","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00919","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.919","article-title":"Evaluation of In Vitro Transdermal Permeation, Mass Spectrometric Imaging, and In Vivo Analgesic Effects of Pregabalin Using a Pluronic Lecithin Organogel Formulation in Mice","volume":"10","author":"Nagao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.04.013","article-title":"Gels and Liposomes in Optimized Ocular Drug Delivery: Studies on Ciprofloxacin Formulations","volume":"343","author":"Budai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.23417","article-title":"Nanoparticle-Based Topical Ophthalmic Formulations for Sustained Celecoxib Release","volume":"102","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.2165\/11536200-000000000-00000","article-title":"A Comparison of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pregabalin and Gabapentin","volume":"49","author":"Bockbrader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/jvp.13061","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Single and Repeated Oral Doses of Pregabalin Oral Solution Formulation in Cats","volume":"45","author":"Lamminen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1089\/jop.2016.0042","article-title":"Sustained Delivery of Timolol Maleate for Over 90 Days by Subconjunctival Injection","volume":"32","author":"Lavik","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Ocul. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2019.04.006","article-title":"Ocular Hypotony: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"64","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Surv. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ilar\/ilt038","article-title":"Baboons as a Model to Study Genetics and Epigenetics of Human Disease","volume":"54","author":"Cox","year":"2013","journal-title":"ILAR J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.22853","article-title":"Anatomical, Blood Oxygenation Level-Dependent, and Blood Flow MRI of Nonhuman Primate (Baboon) Retina","volume":"66","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3241","article-title":"Nonhuman Primate Models of Human Immunology","volume":"14","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/7\/822\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T04:21:19Z","timestamp":1783743679000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/7\/822"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18070822"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070822","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]}}}