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Oral delivery of tirzepatide is limited by poor gastrointestinal permeability, pH-dependent solubility, and manufacturing challenges associated with high-dose absorption enhancers. Methods: This study developed an immediate-release oral tirzepatide tablet using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach. Sodium caprate (C10) was selected as the absorption enhancer based on acid-neutralizing capacity, Caco-2 permeability enhancement, and preliminary rat pharmacokinetic screening. Quality target product profile, critical quality attributes, preliminary hazard analysis, and failure mode and effects analysis identified binder\/disintegrant ratios as critical material attributes and hammer milling conditions as critical process parameters. Face-centered central composite designs and multiple-response optimization (MRO) were applied to optimize dissolution, flowability, and tablet mechanical integrity. Results: The optimized binder\/disintegrant composition produced benchmark-comparable dissolution profiles against oral semaglutide tablets in pH 1.2, 4.0, and 6.8 media, with f2 values exceeding 50 for both C10 300 mg and 500 mg formulations. The optimized process yielded tablets with low friability (0.58%) and acceptable flowability (Carr\u2019s index, 24). In beagle dogs, the C10 300 mg formulation achieved higher systemic exposure than the C10 500 mg formulation, with a Cmax of 46.49 \u00b1 23.79 ng\/mL and AUClast of 1261.03 \u00b1 690.44 h\u00b7ng\/mL. Conclusions: These results support C10-mediated oral tirzepatide delivery and QbD-based optimization for oral peptide tablets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18070826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T14:56:42Z","timestamp":1783349802000},"page":"826","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Overcoming Gastric Barriers for Oral Peptide Delivery: QbD-Based Development of Sodium Caprate-Enabled Tirzepatide Tablets"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6076-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seokhyun","family":"Im","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8896-2107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji-Yoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7744-8573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo-Eun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biopharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Applied Chemistry, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2017.151","article-title":"Global aetiology and epidemiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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