{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:12:10Z","timestamp":1785409930958,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007065","name":"University of Salerno","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FARB 2024 Della Porta G."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FARB 2024 Della Porta G."]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007065","name":"University of Salerno","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Reserach Agreement with Incrediwear INC(2025-2028)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Reserach Agreement with Incrediwear INC(2025-2028)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["FARB 2024 Della Porta G."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FARB 2024 Della Porta G."]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0192m2k53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Reserach Agreement with Incrediwear INC(2025-2028)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Reserach Agreement with Incrediwear INC(2025-2028)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0192m2k53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Human tendon stem\/progenitor cells (hTSPCs) isolated from tendinopathic tendon tissue were used to identify key inflammatory biomarkers, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and type III collagen expression. This cellular model was employed as an in vitro platform to investigate the effects of a semiconductor-nanoparticles embedded fabric (hereafter named fabric) on inflammatory marker regulation. Methods: hTSPCs were cultured in both conventional monolayer conditions and within a three-dimensional (3D) bioplotted methacrylated collagen (ColMA) scaffold under perfusion. The cells were exposed to a microenvironment enriched with negative ions and far-infrared radiation generated by fabric to assess its modulatory effects on native inflammatory and fibrotic pathways. Results: Fabric exposure significantly reduced ROS levels and modulated cytokine signaling pathways. These changes were associated with observed enhanced cell viability and proper extracellular matrix composition profile, characterized by reduced type III collagen and increased type I collagen deposition. Consistent findings were observed at both the protein and gene expression levels. Notably, these effects were more evident in the 3D culture system, likely due to its greater biomimetic relevance and ability to more accurately reproduce the native cellular microenvironment. Conclusions: Overall, these preliminary findings suggest that fabric promotes a transition from a fibrotic toward a more regenerative tendon-like phenotype, likely mediated by redox balance which probably improved ECM remodeling. Further studies should evaluate the potential of semiconductor-based fabrics to support tendon regeneration in vivo.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18080907","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T01:18:51Z","timestamp":1784855931000},"page":"907","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro 3D Culture of Human Pathological Tendon Stem\/Progenitor Cells Enables the Evaluation of Inflammatory Marker Modulation Induced by Semiconductor\u2013Nanoparticle-Embedded Fabric"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8378-116X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adamo","family":"Lancellotti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Orlanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erwin Pavel","family":"Lamparelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-4690-7648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"Montella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saveria","family":"Batti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Incrediwear Holdings, Inc., 3120 Thorntree, Chico, CA 95973, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Maffulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, Via di Grottarossa 1035\u20131039, 00189 Rome, RM, Italy"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Keele University, Stoke-on-Trent ST5 5BG, UK"},{"name":"Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanna","family":"Della Porta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d, University of Salerno, via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, SA, Italy"},{"name":"Research Centre for Biomaterials BIONAM, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674647","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3674647","article-title":"Tendon Stem\/Progenitor Cells and Their Interactions with Extracellular Matrix and Mechanical Loading","volume":"2019","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"Tendon Proteoglycans: Biochemistry and Function","volume":"5","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. 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