{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T05:00:27Z","timestamp":1785474027423,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Implantable devices have undergone enormous development in the past several decades and more results are expected as there are still unanswered questions. In manufacturing, a relatively new technology called three-dimensional (3D) printing has become increasingly involved, from which hot-melt extrusion (HME) coupled with fused deposition modeling (FDM) is one of the most researched methods in producing implantable drug delivery systems (IDDS). The HME process is used to produce polymer filaments that are the carriers of the applied drugs, while FDM creates the implant itself from the filaments, based on the computer-aided designs. The availability of several polymers like polycaprolactone, polylactic acid, or thermoplastic polyurethane, etc., allows the incorporation of many active pharmaceutical ingredients while digital designs offer numerous variabilities in designs, formulations, and applications of 3D-printed IDDS. This allows more specific and detailed modifications in the end product which can forecast the possibility of personalized treatments and therapies. In this review, our research group gathered together different HME-FDM-printed IDDS to provide examples about the diverse applicability of 3D printing. These products, just like any other device and medicine in the medical field, must be characterized and evaluated properly. The methods and technology that are needed already exist and can be repeatedly used in the characterization of IDDSs; we also discuss these methods based on the available publications. In conclusion, every condition is given to make research and manufacture personalized 3D-printed IDDSs possible, however more research work and proof of safe usage are crucial to make these devices applicable in everyday medical treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18080932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T17:01:46Z","timestamp":1785344506000},"page":"932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["HME-FDM 3D-Printed Implantable Drug Delivery Systems-From Design to Characterization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bence","family":"V\u00e1mosi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacology and Microbiology Section, DE Doctoral School of Medical Sciences, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8663-2890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ildik\u00f3","family":"B\u00e1cskay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P\u00e1lma","family":"Feh\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9724-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Ujhelyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Industry and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petra","family":"Arany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Debrecen, 4002 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"279","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Administered Hormones","volume":"124","author":"Deanesly","year":"1937","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B\u2014Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)41059-7","article-title":"Further Experiments on the Administration of Hormones by the Subcutaneous Implantation of Tablets","volume":"232","author":"Deanesly","year":"1938","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.12.005","article-title":"Evolution of Drug-Eluting Biomedical Implants for Sustained Drug Delivery","volume":"159","author":"Quarterman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-019-0389-6","article-title":"Advanced Implantable Drug Delivery Technologies: Transforming the Clinical Landscape of Therapeutics for Chronic Diseases","volume":"21","author":"Ballerini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics2010001","article-title":"Implantable Devices: Issues and Challenges","volume":"2","author":"Bazaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electronics"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.03.054","article-title":"Controlled Drug Delivery Systems: Past Forward and Future Back","volume":"190","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(97)00036-7","article-title":"Polymeric Implants for Cancer Chemotherapy","volume":"26","author":"Fung","year":"1997","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1056-8719(98)00027-6","article-title":"Therapeutic Applications of Implantable Drug Delivery Systems","volume":"40","author":"Dash","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, S.A., Dom\u00ednguez-Robles, J., Donnelly, R.F., and Larra\u00f1eta, E. (2018). Implantable Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices: Classification, Manufacture, Materials, and Clinical Applications. Polymers, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym10121379"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1007\/s11094-022-02649-4","article-title":"Implants as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems (Review)","volume":"56","author":"Bakhrushina","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharm. Chem. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/10717540590921432","article-title":"Manufacturing Techniques of Biodegradable Implants Intended for Intraocular Application","volume":"12","author":"Fialho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1134\/S1811238221010033","article-title":"Modern Porous Polymer Implants: Synthesis, Properties, and Application","volume":"63","author":"Kovylin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polym. Sci. Ser. C"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1712","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1712","article-title":"Hot Melt Extrusion: An Emerging Manufacturing Method for Slow and Sustained Protein Delivery","volume":"13","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.108336","article-title":"3D Printed Biodegradable Implants as an Individualized Drug Delivery System for Local Chemotherapy of Osteosarcoma","volume":"186","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arefin, A.M.E., Khatri, N.R., Kulkarni, N., and Egan, P.F. (2021). Polymer 3D Printing Review: Materials, Process, and Design Strategies for Medical Applications. Polymers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13091499"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125345","article-title":"HME Coupled with FDM 3D Printing of a Customized Oral Solid Form to Treat Pediatric Epilepsy","volume":"673","author":"Monteil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-025-03088-6","article-title":"Exploration of Conventional and FDM-Mediated 3D Printed Tablets Fabricated Using HME-Based Filaments for pH-Dependent Drug Delivery","volume":"26","author":"Patil","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2016.08.016","article-title":"An Investigation into the Use of Polymer Blends to Improve the Printability of and Regulate Drug Release from Pharmaceutical Solid Dispersions Prepared via Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing","volume":"108","author":"Alhijjaj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2017.10.056","article-title":"Melt Extrusion with Poorly Soluble Drugs\u2014An Integrated Review","volume":"535","author":"Repka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623318804121","article-title":"Compilation of International Standards and Regulatory Guidance Documents for Evaluation of Biomaterials, Medical Devices, and 3-D Printed and Regenerative Medicine Products","volume":"47","author":"Schuh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2021.1845648","article-title":"Extruded Filaments Derived 3D Printed Medicated Skin Patch to Mitigate Destructive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Design to Delivery","volume":"18","author":"Chaudhari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.71116\/5q06sr53","article-title":"Hot-Melt Extrusion\u2014Filament Manufacturing Coupled with Fused Deposition Modeling for 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals -a Brief Review","volume":"1","author":"Arany","year":"2025","journal-title":"Remediis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.10.003","article-title":"Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Combination for Controlled Oral Delivery Using 3D Printed Compartmental Dosage Forms: From Drug Product Design to in Vivo Testing","volume":"268","author":"Genina","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2021.07.010","article-title":"3D Printed Intragastric Floating and Sustained-Release Tablets with Air Chambers","volume":"111","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy Dumpa, N., Bandari, S., and Repka, M.A. (2020). Novel Gastroretentive Floating Pulsatile Drug Delivery System Produced via Hot-Melt Extrusion and Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010052"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2015.12.012","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Printed PCL-Based Implantable Prototypes of Medical Devices for Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"105","author":"Genina","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arany, P., Papp, \u00c1., Nemes, D., Feh\u00e9r, P., Ujhelyi, Z., and B\u00e1cskay, I. (2026). Quality by Design Approach for Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled Fused Deposition Modeling (HME-FDM) 3D Printing: A Systematic Review. Pharmaceutics, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18050569"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procir.2016.04.174","article-title":"Review of Open Source and Freeware CAD Systems for Use with 3D-Printing","volume":"50","author":"Junk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Procedia CIRP"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stlm.2021.100037","article-title":"3D Printing in Medicine: Technology Overview and Drug Delivery Applications","volume":"4","author":"Mohammed","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. 3D Print. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-018-2454-x","article-title":"3D Printing in Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications\u2014Recent Achievements and Challenges","volume":"35","author":"Szafraniec","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compositesb.2020.108336","article-title":"A Critical Review on the Fused Deposition Modeling of Thermoplastic Polymer Composites","volume":"201","author":"Penumakala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Compos. Part B Eng."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.10.056","article-title":"Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM), the New Asset for the Production of Tailored Medicines","volume":"330","author":"Cailleaux","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-022-08860-7","article-title":"Fused Deposition Modeling: Process, Materials, Parameters, Properties, and Applications","volume":"120","author":"Rajan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1515\/eng-2021-0063","article-title":"A Review on the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printing: Filament Processing, Materials, and Printing Parameters","volume":"11","author":"Kristiawan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Open Eng."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pereira, G.G., Figueiredo, S., Fernandes, A.I., and Pinto, J.F. (2020). Polymer Selection for Hot-Melt Extrusion Coupled to Fused Deposition Modelling in Pharmaceutics. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12090795"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.12.019","article-title":"The Applicability of Pharmaceutical Polymeric Blends for the Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 3D Technique: Material Considerations\u2013Printability\u2013Process Modulation, with Consecutive Effects on in Vitro Release, Stability and Degradation","volume":"129","author":"Balogh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Zyoud, W., Haddadin, D., Hasan, S.A., Jaradat, H., and Kanoun, O. (2023). Biocompatibility Testing for Implants: A Novel Tool for Selection and Characterization. Materials, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma16216881"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muehlenfeld, C., Duffy, P., Yang, F., Zerme\u00f1o P\u00e9rez, D., El-Saleh, F., and Durig, T. (2024). Excipients in Pharmaceutical Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Exploration of Polymeric Material Selection for Enhanced 3D Printing. Pharmaceutics, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics16030317"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varan, C., Aks\u00fct, D., \u015een, M., and Bilensoy, E. (2023). Design and Characterization of Carboplatin and Paclitaxel Loaded PCL Filaments for 3D Printed Controlled Release Intrauterine Implants. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15041154"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120243","article-title":"Fused Deposition Modelling for the Development of Drug Loaded Cardiovascular Prosthesis","volume":"595","author":"Martin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2022.110394","article-title":"3D-Printed Polycaprolactone-Chitosan Based Drug Delivery Implants for Personalized Administration","volume":"214","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arany, P., Papp, I., Zichar, M., Csontos, M., Elek, J., Regdon, G., Budai, I., B\u00e9res, M., Gesztelyi, R., and Feh\u00e9r, P. (2020). In Vitro Tests of FDM 3D-Printed Diclofenac Sodium-Containing Implants. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25245889"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1208\/s12249-025-03215-3","article-title":"3D-Printed Gabapentin-Loaded Implants for Sustained Release: Leveraging 3D Printing and Hot Melt Extrusion (HME) for Customizable Drug Delivery","volume":"26","author":"Daihom","year":"2025","journal-title":"AAPS PharmSciTech"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, S., Dom\u00ednguez-Robles, J., McIlorum, V., Mancuso, E., Lamprou, D., Donnelly, R., and Larra\u00f1eta, E. (2020). Development of a Biodegradable Subcutaneous Implant for Prolonged Drug Delivery Using 3D Printing. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12020105"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120337","article-title":"Development of mAb-Loaded 3D-Printed (FDM) Implantable Devices Based on PLGA","volume":"597","author":"Carlier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.18063\/ijb.v7i4.418","article-title":"3D-Printed Degradable Anti-Tumor Scaffolds for Controllable Drug Delivery","volume":"7","author":"Mei","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Bioprint."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tappa, K., Jammalamadaka, U., Weisman, J.A., Ballard, D.H., Wolford, D.D., Pascual-Garrido, C., Wolford, L.M., Woodard, P.K., and Mills, D.K. (2019). 3D Printing Custom Bioactive and Absorbable Surgical Screws, Pins, and Bone Plates for Localized Drug Delivery. J. Funct. Biomater., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb10020017"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1080\/10837450.2018.1509348","article-title":"The Road to Market Implantable Drug Delivery Systems: A Review on US FDA\u2019s Regulatory Framework and Quality Control Requirements","volume":"23","author":"Capasso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Dev. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arunkumar, P., Dougherty, J.A., Weist, J., Kumar, N., Angelos, M.G., Powell, H.M., and Khan, M. (2019). Sustained Release of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) Encapsulated Polycaprolactone (PCL) Microspheres Promote Angiogenesis In Vivo. Nanomaterials, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano9071037"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S49460","article-title":"Polycaprolactone Scaffold Engineered for Sustained Release of Resveratrol: Therapeutic Enhancement in Bone Tissue Engineering","volume":"9","author":"Winkins","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2023.105813","article-title":"Effect of Poly (Ethylene Glycol) on 3D Printed PLA\/PEG Blend: A Study of Physical, Mechanical Characterization and Printability Assessment","volume":"141","author":"Kumar","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9508721","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9508721","article-title":"Antibody-Mediated Osseous Regeneration for Bone Tissue Engineering in Canine Segmental Defects","volume":"2018","author":"Khojasteh","year":"2018","journal-title":"BioMed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3161","article-title":"The Importance of Handling High-Value Biologicals: Physico-Chemical Instability and Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies (Review)","volume":"15","author":"Omersel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdella, S., Youssef, S.H., Afinjuomo, F., Song, Y., Fouladian, P., Upton, R., and Garg, S. (2021). 3D Printing of Thermo-Sensitive Drugs. Pharmaceutics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13091524"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"212","article-title":"Powder XRD Technique and Its Applications in Science and Technology","volume":"5","author":"Chauhan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anal. Bioanal. Tech."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s11120-009-9439-x","article-title":"Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy","volume":"101","author":"Berthomieu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photosynth. Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dom\u00ednguez-Robles, J., Mancinelli, C., Mancuso, E., Garc\u00eda-Romero, I., Gilmore, B.F., Casettari, L., Larra\u00f1eta, E., and Lamprou, D.A. (2020). 3D Printing of Drug-Loaded Thermoplastic Polyurethane Meshes: A Potential Material for Soft Tissue Reinforcement in Vaginal Surgery. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12010063"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/10717544.2022.2057620","article-title":"3D-Printed Implantable Devices with Biodegradable Rate-Controlling Membrane for Sustained Delivery of Hydrophobic Drugs","volume":"29","author":"Picco","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s00170-025-15127-4","article-title":"3D Printing of Intrauterine Device Loaded with Silver Sulfadiazine to the Treatment of Fungal Diseases","volume":"137","author":"Ferrari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Manuf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.070A.043","article-title":"General Treatment of the Thermogravimetry of Polymers","volume":"70A","author":"Flynn","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand. Sect. Phys. Chem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.120145","article-title":"3D Printed Estradiol-Eluting Urogynecological Mesh Implants: Influence of Material and Mesh Geometry on Their Mechanical Properties","volume":"593","author":"Farmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"104928","article-title":"Dual-Extruder 3D-Printing of Biodegradable Subcutaneous Implants for Controlled Drug Delivery","volume":"110","author":"Brandl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Addit. Manuf."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00267-7","article-title":"A Discussion of the Principles and Applications of Modulated Temperature DSC (MTDSC)","volume":"192","author":"Verdonck","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.11.052","article-title":"3D Printed PLGA Implants: APF DDM vs. FDM","volume":"353","author":"Bassand","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"40","article-title":"Scanning Electron Microscopy: An Introduction","volume":"13","year":"2000","journal-title":"III-Vs Rev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mex.2018.09.006","article-title":"Standard Method for microCT-Based Additive Manufacturing Quality Control 2: Density Measurement","volume":"5","author":"Sperling","year":"2018","journal-title":"MethodsX"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2017.02.014","article-title":"Assessment of Different Polymers and Drug Loads for Fused Deposition Modeling of Drug Loaded Implants","volume":"115","author":"Kempin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.11.005","article-title":"Ethylene Vinyl Acetate (EVA) as a New Drug Carrier for 3D Printed Medical Drug Delivery Devices","volume":"90","author":"Genina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-019-0150-z","article-title":"Design of Biodegradable, Implantable Devices towards Clinical Translation","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arany, P., R\u00f3ka, E., Mollet, L., Coleman, A.W., Perret, F., Kim, B., Kov\u00e1cs, R., Kazsoki, A., Zelk\u00f3, R., and Gesztelyi, R. (2019). Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing: Test Platforms for Evaluating Post-Fabrication Chemical Modifications and In-Vitro Biological Properties. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics11060277"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2012.03.002","article-title":"In Vivo Biocompatibility and Biodegradation of 3D-Printed Porous Scaffolds Based on a Hydroxyl-Functionalized Poly(\u03b5-Caprolactone)","volume":"33","author":"Seyednejad","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rynio, P., Galant, K., W\u00f3jcik, \u0141., Grygorcewicz, B., Kazimierczak, A., Falkowski, A., Gutowski, P., Do\u0142\u0119gowska, B., and Kawa, M. (2022). Effects of Sterilization Methods on Different 3D Printable Materials for Templates of Physician-Modified Aortic Stent Grafts Used in Vascular Surgery\u2014A Preliminary Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23073539"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u2019Bengue, M.-S., Mesnard, T., Chai, F., Maton, M., Gaucher, V., Tabary, N., Garc\u00eda-Fernandez, M.-J., Sobocinski, J., Martel, B., and Blanchemain, N. (2023). Evaluation of a Medical Grade Thermoplastic Polyurethane for the Manufacture of an Implantable Medical Device: The Impact of FDM 3D-Printing and Gamma Sterilization. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15020456"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frizziero, L., Santi, G.M., Leon-Cardenas, C., Ferretti, P., Sali, M., Gianese, F., Crescentini, N., Donnici, G., Liverani, A., and Trisolino, G. (2021). Heat Sterilization Effects on Polymeric, FDM-Optimized Orthopedic Cutting Guide for Surgical Procedures. J. Funct. Biomater., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb12040063"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0003-z","article-title":"Surface-Wetting Characterization Using Contact-Angle Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Tian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2017.10.056","article-title":"Contact Angle Measurement of Natural Materials","volume":"161","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10780","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsusc.2011.07.097","article-title":"Biocompatible Polymeric Implants for Controlled Drug Delivery Produced by MAPLE","volume":"257","author":"Paun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Surf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2010.07.103","article-title":"Surface Modification of Polyurethane and Silicone for Therapeutic Medical Technics by Means of Electron Beam","volume":"205","author":"Wetzel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gioumouxouzis, C.I., Eleftheriadis, G.K., Kyriakidis, A.S., and Karavasili, C. (2026). Translation of Pharmaceutical 3D Printing to Clinical Point-of-Care and Industrial Manufacturing. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-026-02059-z"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.18231\/j.ctppc.2022.017","article-title":"An Outlook on Regulatory Aspects of 3D Printing in Pharmaceutical and Medical Sectors","volume":"4","author":"Manikiran","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Trends Pharm. Pharm. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2016.11.007","article-title":"Continuous Manufacturing via Hot-Melt Extrusion and Scale up: Regulatory Matters","volume":"22","author":"Maniruzzaman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rautamo, M., Kvarnstr\u00f6m, K., Siv\u00e9n, M., Airaksinen, M., Lahdenne, P., and Sandler, N. (2020). Benefits and Prerequisites Associated with the Adoption of Oral 3D-Printed Medicines for Pediatric Patients: A Focus Group Study among Healthcare Professionals. Pharmaceutics, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12030229"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113857","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2021.113857","article-title":"Integration of Personalized Drug Delivery Systems into Digital Health","volume":"176","author":"Raijada","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2018.07.017","article-title":"3D Printing of Tablets Containing Amorphous Aripiprazole by Filaments Co-Extrusion","volume":"131","author":"Kurek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2020.101683","article-title":"Fabrication of High Drug Loading Levetiracetam Tablets Using Semi-Solid Extrusion 3D Printing","volume":"57","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-025-00324-2","article-title":"Revolutionizing Patient Care: 3D Printing for Customized Medical Devices and Therapeutics","volume":"4","author":"Borthakur","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Devices"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:40:16Z","timestamp":1785472816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18080932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18080932","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]]}}}