{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:59:29Z","timestamp":1785488369068,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012554","name":"Hubei Provincial College Students\u2019 Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S202510488167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202510488167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012554","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Respiratory diseases impose a substantial global burden; however, early diagnosis, disease-activity monitoring, and the clinical translation of nucleic acid therapeutics are constrained by the lack of robust biomarkers and efficient delivery systems. This narrative review focuses on four classes of RNA\u2014messenger RNA (mRNA), circular RNA (circRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA)\u2014using exosomes as a representative subtype of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to discuss EV biogenesis, transport, uptake, and engineered cargo loading. We summarize the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of EV-associated nucleic acids in chronic or non-severe respiratory diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and cystic fibrosis, as well as in severe acute conditions such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and severe pneumonia. Biofluid-derived EV-associated RNAs can reflect inflammation, immune dysregulation, epithelial injury, infection, and fibrosis, supporting their potential use in disease classification, monitoring, and prognostic assessment. Natural EVs may modulate inflammation and tissue repair through their endogenous cargo, while engineered EVs can deliver therapeutic nucleic acids to exert anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, antifibrotic, and barrier-restorative effects. However, clinical translation is limited by non-standardized isolation and characterization methods, product heterogeneity, variable cargo loading, and insufficient stability and quality-control frameworks. Continued advances in EV isolation, characterization, nucleic acid loading, potency assessment, and manufacturing control are required to realize the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of EV-associated nucleic acids in respiratory diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18080945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:15:00Z","timestamp":1785428100000},"page":"945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extracellular-Vesicle-Associated Nucleic Acids in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Diseases: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-7522-0079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuairong","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruixu","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5928-8487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruiying","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinzhou","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoliu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-04077-9","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic, 1990\u20132023: A Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"32","author":"Oh","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"GBD 2023 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators (2026). Global Burden of Lower Respiratory Infections and Aetiologies, 1990\u20132023: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023. Lancet Infect. Dis., 26, 343\u2013361."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2025.1990","article-title":"Diagnostic Tools in Respiratory Medicine (Review)","volume":"23","author":"Georgakopoulou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2200","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.10.57","article-title":"Airway Pharmacology: Treatment Options and Algorithms to Treat Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"11","author":"Kerstjens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40248-017-0106-3","article-title":"Antibiotic Therapy, Supportive Treatment and Management of Immunomodulation-Inflammation Response in Community Acquired Pneumonia: Review of Recommendations","volume":"12","author":"Mantero","year":"2017","journal-title":"Multidiscip. Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02035-4","article-title":"Nucleic Acid Drugs: Recent Progress and Future Perspectives","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2024.06.005","article-title":"Noncoding RNAs in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: From pathogenesis to therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xuan, S., Zhang, J., Guo, Q., Zhao, L., and Yao, X. (2023). A Diagnostic Classifier Based on Circulating miRNA Pairs for COPD Using a Machine Learning Approach. Diagnostics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13081440"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s44222-024-00259-1","article-title":"Engineering Circular RNA Medicines","volume":"3","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02002-z","article-title":"Progress and Prospects of mRNA-Based Drugs in Pre-Clinical and Clinical Applications","volume":"9","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7623","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa576","article-title":"A Critical Analysis of Methods Used to Investigate the Cellular Uptake and Subcellular Localization of RNA Therapeutics","volume":"48","author":"Deprey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12404","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12404","article-title":"Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (MISEV2023): From Basic to Advanced Approaches","volume":"13","author":"Welsh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01735-1","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles as Tools and Targets in Therapy for Diseases","volume":"9","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-024-03757-4","article-title":"Quality and Safety Considerations for Therapeutic Products Based on Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"41","author":"Takakura","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00032.2024","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles and the Lung: From Disease Pathogenesis to Biomarkers and Treatments","volume":"105","author":"Park","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/stcltm\/szad094","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes Alleviate Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting Alveolar Macrophage Pyroptosis","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-024-01019-4","article-title":"Engineered Extracellular Vesicles Carrying Let-7a-5p for Alleviating Inflammation in Acute Lung Injury","volume":"31","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216370","article-title":"Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Chronic Lung Disease","volume":"76","author":"Trappe","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lv, J., and Xiong, X. (2024). Extracellular Vesicle microRNA: A Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25179147"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1038\/190576a0","article-title":"An Unstable Intermediate Carrying Information from Genes to Ribosomes for Protein Synthesis","volume":"190","author":"Brenner","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2157-4","article-title":"Construction of a Human Cell Landscape at Single-Cell Level","volume":"581","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260419","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1260419","article-title":"Tissue-Based Map of the Human Proteome","volume":"347","author":"Fagerberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-022-00409-w","article-title":"Current Challenges and Best Practices for Cell-Free Long RNA Biomarker Discovery","volume":"10","author":"Lagarde","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01007-w","article-title":"mRNA-Based Therapeutics: Powerful and Versatile Tools to Combat Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1690918","article-title":"Direct Gene Transfer into Mouse Muscle in Vivo","volume":"247","author":"Wolff","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02444-3","article-title":"mRNA-Based Therapeutics: Looking beyond COVID-19 Vaccines","volume":"403","author":"Parhiz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd4278","article-title":"mRNA-Based Therapeutics\u2014Developing a New Class of Drugs","volume":"13","author":"Sahin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1596","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Transfer of mRNAs and microRNAs Is a Novel Mechanism of Genetic Exchange between Cells","volume":"9","author":"Valadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padilla, J.-C.A., Barutcu, S., Malet, L., Deschamps-Francoeur, G., Calderon, V., Kwon, E., and L\u00e9cuyer, E. (2023). Profiling the Polyadenylated Transcriptome of Extracellular Vesicles with Long-Read Nanopore Sequencing. BMC Genom., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-023-09552-6"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2021.101266","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated mRNA Delivery in Vivo Is Safe and Can Be Used to Induce SARS-CoV-2 Immunity","volume":"297","author":"Tsai","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.035667.112","article-title":"Circular RNAs Are Abundant, Conserved, and Associated with ALU Repeats","volume":"19","author":"Jeck","year":"2013","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01393-0","article-title":"Engineering Circular RNA for Enhanced Protein Production","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.02.015","article-title":"RNA Circularization Diminishes Immunogenicity and Can Extend Translation Duration In Vivo","volume":"74","author":"Wesselhoeft","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2015.82","article-title":"Circular RNA Is Enriched and Stable in Exosomes: A Promising Biomarker for Cancer Diagnosis","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasda, E., and Parker, R. (2016). Circular RNAs Co-Precipitate with Extracellular Vesicles: A Possible Mechanism for circRNA Clearance. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148407"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1038\/nsmb.2959","article-title":"Exon-Intron Circular RNAs Regulate Transcription in the Nucleus","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.08.017","article-title":"Circular Intronic Long Noncoding RNAs","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11993","article-title":"Natural RNA Circles Function as Efficient microRNA Sponges","volume":"495","author":"Hansen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-02747-9","article-title":"CircRNA TADA2A Relieves Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting Proliferation and Activation of Fibroblasts","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-017-0028-4","article-title":"RNA-Binding Proteins Control Gene Expression and Cell Fate in the Immune System","volume":"19","author":"Turner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11221","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15685","article-title":"CircC3P1 Attenuated Pro-Inflammatory Cytokine Production and Cell Apoptosis in Acute Lung Injury Induced by Sepsis through Modulating miR-21","volume":"24","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, R., Song, Y., Wang, Z., Dai, L., Bai, Q., Li, Y., Piao, H., Wang, C., and Yan, G. (2025). Circ-0001454 Alleviates Asthma Airway Inflammation and Remodeling via Sponging miR-770-5p and Regulating Cbl-b. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1566223"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1038\/35888","article-title":"Potent and Specific Genetic Interference by Double-Stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis Elegans","volume":"391","author":"Fire","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1038\/35078107","article-title":"Duplexes of 21-Nucleotide RNAs Mediate RNA Interference in Cultured Mammalian Cells","volume":"411","author":"Elbashir","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2005.10.020","article-title":"Argonaute2 Cleaves the Anti-Guide Strand of siRNA during RISC Activation","volume":"123","author":"Rand","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-020-0207-x","article-title":"Therapeutic siRNA: State of the Art","volume":"5","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e252","DOI":"10.1038\/mtna.2015.23","article-title":"siRNA versus miRNA as Therapeutics for Gene Silencing","volume":"4","author":"Lam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03325-7","article-title":"Exosomes as Bio-Inspired Nanocarriers for RNA Delivery: Preparation and Applications","volume":"20","author":"Amiri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-023-00981-9","article-title":"Small Interfering RNA (siRNA)-Based Therapeutic Applications against Viruses: Principles, Potential, and Challenges","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2018.06.007","article-title":"Exosome-Mediated Small RNA Delivery: A Novel Therapeutic Approach for Inflammatory Lung Responses","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90529-Y","article-title":"The C. elegans Heterochronic Gene Lin-4 Encodes Small RNAs with Antisense Complementarity to Lin-14","volume":"75","author":"Lee","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.002","article-title":"MicroRNAs: Target Recognition and Regulatory Functions","volume":"136","author":"Bartel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.12.035","article-title":"Conserved Seed Pairing, Often Flanked by Adenosines, Indicates That Thousands of Human Genes Are microRNA Targets","volume":"120","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23743","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v3.23743","article-title":"Exosomes Provide a Protective and Enriched Source of miRNA for Biomarker Profiling Compared to Intracellular and Cell-Free Blood","volume":"3","author":"Cheng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5628404","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/5628404","article-title":"Exosomes and Exosomal miRNA in Respiratory Diseases","volume":"2016","author":"Alipoor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2009.01.035","article-title":"Origins and Mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs","volume":"136","author":"Carthew","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1753","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.2248605","article-title":"MicroRNA Function: Multiple Mechanisms for a Tiny RNA?","volume":"11","author":"Pillai","year":"2005","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00212011","article-title":"MicroRNAs and Respiratory Diseases","volume":"41","author":"Rupani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7027","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-2010","article-title":"The Promise of MicroRNA Replacement Therapy","volume":"70","author":"Bader","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201100899","article-title":"Development of microRNA Therapeutics Is Coming of Age","volume":"6","author":"Kauppinen","year":"2014","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Gao, W., Chen, R., Chen, S., Gu, X., Wang, F., and Li, Q. (2023). CircRNAs in BALF Exosomes and Plasma as Diagnostic Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Caused by Severe Pneumonia. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1194495"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05034-9","article-title":"Exosomal circRNAs in the Plasma Serve as Novel Biomarkers for IPF Diagnosis and Progression Prediction","volume":"22","author":"Gan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01201-6","article-title":"Recent Advances in Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Cargo Delivery","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14444","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-14305-z","article-title":"Determining the Contents and Cell Origins of Apoptotic Bodies by Flow Cytometry","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.064386","article-title":"Microvesicles: Mediators of Extracellular Communication during Cancer Progression","volume":"123","author":"Clancy","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.19.3365","article-title":"Exosome: From Internal Vesicle of the Multivesicular Body to Intercellular Signaling Device","volume":"113","author":"Denzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24384-2","article-title":"Specificities of Exosome versus Small Ectosome Secretion Revealed by Live Intracellular Tracking of CD63 and CD9","volume":"12","author":"Mathieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17802","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.2c08774","article-title":"Exosomes\u2014nature\u2019s Lipid Nanoparticles, a Rising Star in Drug Delivery and Diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Tenchov","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs216499","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.216499","article-title":"The Enigmatic Endosome\u2014Sorting the Ins and Outs of Endocytic Trafficking","volume":"131","author":"Naslavsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08849","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Multivesicular Body Biogenesis by ESCRT Complexes","volume":"464","author":"Wollert","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00576-0","article-title":"Context-Specific Regulation of Extracellular Vesicle Biogenesis and Cargo Selection","volume":"24","author":"Dixson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01209-y","article-title":"Regulation of Cargo Selection in Exosome Biogenesis and Its Biomedical Applications in Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2015.04.036","article-title":"Mechanisms of RNA Loading into Exosomes","volume":"589","author":"Janas","year":"2015","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201912074","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201912074","article-title":"The RNA Binding Protein FMR1 Controls Selective Exosomal miRNA Cargo Loading during Inflammation","volume":"219","author":"Wozniak","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-024-01432-9","article-title":"CD63 Sorts Cholesterol into Endosomes for Storage and Distribution via Exosomes","volume":"26","author":"Palmulli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19276","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.19276","article-title":"Y-Box Protein 1 Is Required to Sort microRNAs into Exosomes in Cells and in a Cell-Free Reaction","volume":"5","author":"Shurtleff","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.031","article-title":"The RNA-Binding Protein SYNCRIP Is a Component of the Hepatocyte Exosomal Machinery Controlling MicroRNA Sorting","volume":"17","author":"Santangelo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2980","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms3980","article-title":"Sumoylated hnRNPA2B1 Controls the Sorting of miRNAs into Exosomes through Binding to Specific Motifs","volume":"4","author":"Mittelbrunn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04234-3","article-title":"MicroRNA Sequence Codes for Small Extracellular Vesicle Release and Cellular Retention","volume":"601","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17436","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44218-z","article-title":"A Novel Sorting Signal for RNA Packaging into Small Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"13","author":"Oka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-6150-8-12","article-title":"Exosomes Secreted by Human Cells Transport Largely mRNA Fragments That Are Enriched in the 3\u2019-Untranslated Regions","volume":"8","author":"Batagov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batagov, A.O., Kuznetsov, V.A., and Kurochkin, I.V. (2011). Identification of Nucleotide Patterns Enriched in Secreted RNAs as Putative Cis-Acting Elements Targeting Them to Exosome Nano-Vesicles. BMC Genom., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-S3-S18"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202209084","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202209084","article-title":"Inhibition of Endolysosome Fusion Increases Exosome Secretion","volume":"222","author":"Shelke","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6883","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42661-0","article-title":"A Phosphoinositide Switch Mediates Exocyst Recruitment to Multivesicular Endosomes for Exosome Secretion","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb2000","article-title":"Rab27a and Rab27b Control Different Steps of the Exosome Secretion Pathway","volume":"12","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-00409-1","article-title":"RAB31 Marks and Controls an ESCRT-Independent Exosome Pathway","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12323","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12323","article-title":"Convection and Extracellular Matrix Binding Control Interstitial Transport of Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"12","author":"Sariano","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70169","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70169","article-title":"Exploring the Spatial Limits of Extracellular Vesicles-Mediated Intercellular Communication","volume":"14","author":"Colombo","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29585","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.4c07186","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle Mobility in Collagen I Hydrogels Is Influenced by Matrix-Binding Integrins","volume":"18","author":"Tam","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01522-z","article-title":"Entry and Exit of Extracellular Vesicles to and from the Blood Circulation","volume":"19","author":"Iannotta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26316","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v4.26316","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle in Vivo Biodistribution Is Determined by Cell Source, Route of Administration and Targeting","volume":"4","author":"Wiklander","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24436","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24436","article-title":"Lymphatic Transport of Exosomes as a Rapid Route of Information Dissemination to the Lymph Node","volume":"6","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17622","DOI":"10.1038\/srep17622","article-title":"TLR-3 Stimulation Improves Anti-Tumor Immunity Elicited by Dendritic Cell Exosome-Based Vaccines in a Murine Model of Melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Damo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Banks, W.A., Sharma, P., Bullock, K.M., Hansen, K.M., Ludwig, N., and Whiteside, T.L. (2020). Transport of Extracellular Vesicles across the Blood-Brain Barrier: Brain Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Inflammation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124407"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pastor, L., Vera, E., Marin, J.M., and Sanz-Rubio, D. (2021). Extracellular Vesicles from Airway Secretions: New Insights in Lung Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020583"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"61","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Acute Lung Injury","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2007-8-5-215","article-title":"The Integrins","volume":"8","author":"Takada","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15756","article-title":"Tumour Exosome Integrins Determine Organotropic Metastasis","volume":"527","author":"Hoshino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-57617-9","article-title":"Uptake of Small Extracellular Vesicles by Recipient Cells Is Facilitated by Paracrine Adhesion Signaling","volume":"16","author":"Hirosawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73677","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.73677","article-title":"CD47 Cross-Dressing by Extracellular Vesicles Expressing CD47 Inhibits Phagocytosis without Transmitting Cell Death Signals","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2021.121000","article-title":"Mononuclear Phagocyte System Blockade Using Extracellular Vesicles Modified with CD47 on Membrane Surface for Myocardial Infarction Reperfusion Injury Treatment","volume":"275","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17380","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304266110","article-title":"Cancer Cell Exosomes Depend on Cell-Surface Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans for Their Internalization and Functional Activity","volume":"110","author":"Christianson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108305","article-title":"Integrin Beta 1 and Fibronectin Mediate Extracellular Vesicle Uptake and Functional RNA Delivery","volume":"301","author":"Elsharkasy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10334","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01310-13","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Epstein-Barr Virus-Infected Cells Are Internalized via Caveola-Dependent Endocytosis and Promote Phenotypic Modulation in Target Cells","volume":"87","author":"Nanbo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.09.019","article-title":"Cellular uptake of extracellular vesicles is mediated by clathrin-independent endocytosis and macropinocytosis","volume":"266","author":"Schiffelers","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22258","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.588046","article-title":"Exosome Uptake through Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Macropinocytosis and Mediating miR-21 Delivery","volume":"289","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-024-01774-3","article-title":"Harnessing Extracellular Vesicle Heterogeneity for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Applications","volume":"20","author":"Carney","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-023-00240-z","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle Analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hendrix","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Methods Primers"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57497-7","article-title":"A Comparison of Methods for the Isolation and Separation of Extracellular Vesicles from Protein and Lipid Particles in Human Serum","volume":"10","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70005","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.70005","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles, RNA Sequencing, and Bioinformatic Analyses: Challenges, Solutions, and Recommendations","volume":"13","author":"Miceli","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481321","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2018.1481321","article-title":"Evaluation of Serum Extracellular Vesicle Isolation Methods for Profiling miRNAs by Next-Generation Sequencing","volume":"7","author":"Buschmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22859","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v2i0.22859","article-title":"ISEV Position Paper: Extracellular Vesicle RNA Analysis and Bioinformatics","volume":"2","author":"Hill","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1286095","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2017.1286095","article-title":"Obstacles and Opportunities in the Functional Analysis of Extracellular Vesicle RNA\u2014An ISEV Position Paper","volume":"6","author":"Mateescu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-023-01944-6","article-title":"Large-Scale Benchmarking of circRNA Detection Tools Reveals Large Differences in Sensitivity but Not in Precision","volume":"20","author":"Vromman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zareba, L., Szymanski, J., Homoncik, Z., and Czystowska-Kuzmicz, M. (2021). EVs from BALF\u2014Mediators of Inflammation and Potential Biomarkers in Lung Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073651"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-021-00358-0","article-title":"Lipid Nanoparticles for mRNA Delivery","volume":"6","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2309748","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202309748","article-title":"Recent Progress in Nucleic Acid Pulmonary Delivery toward Overcoming Physiological Barriers and Improving Transfection Efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2022.114416","article-title":"The Role of Lipid Components in Lipid Nanoparticles for Vaccines and Gene Therapy","volume":"188","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmpk.2021.100424","article-title":"Difference in the Lipid Nanoparticle Technology Employed in Three Approved siRNA (Patisiran) and mRNA (COVID-19 Vaccine) Drugs","volume":"41","author":"Suzuki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5848","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202013927","article-title":"A Systematic Study of Unsaturation in Lipid Nanoparticles Leads to Improved mRNA Transfection In Vivo","volume":"60","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101436","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2025.101436","article-title":"Why Do Lipid Nanoparticles Target the Liver? Understanding of Biodistribution and Liver-Specific Tropism","volume":"33","author":"Bremmell","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02972-w","article-title":"Navigating the Intricate In-Vivo Journey of Lipid Nanoparticles Tailored for the Targeted Delivery of RNA Therapeutics: A Quality-by-Design Approach","volume":"22","author":"Haghighi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00786-x","article-title":"Optimization of Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Nebulized Therapeutic mRNA to the Lungs","volume":"5","author":"Lokugamage","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01086-x","article-title":"Immunogenicity of Lipid Nanoparticles and Its Impact on the Efficacy of mRNA Vaccines and Therapeutics","volume":"55","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5354","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-60959-z","article-title":"Cellular and Biophysical Barriers to Lipid Nanoparticle Mediated Delivery of RNA to the Cytosol","volume":"16","author":"Johansson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e287","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.287","article-title":"Role of miR-466 in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles Treating Inoculation Pneumonia Caused by Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas Aeruginosa","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002978","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02978-2020","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles Rescue Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Improve Barrier Integrity in Clinically Relevant Models of ARDS","volume":"58","author":"Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101557","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202101557","article-title":"RNA and Protein Delivery by Cell-Secreted and Bioengineered Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, W., Zhang, J., Wu, Y., Sun, W., Jiang, Z., and Luo, X. (2023). Engineered NF-\u03baB siRNA-Encapsulating Exosomes as a Modality for Therapy of Skin Lesions. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1109381"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-03733-8","article-title":"Designer Exosomes Produced by Implanted Cells Intracerebrally Deliver Therapeutic Cargo for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6692","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42402-3","article-title":"Dual Targeted Extracellular Vesicles Regulate Oncogenic Genes in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Chiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.08.014","article-title":"Electroporation-Induced siRNA Precipitation Obscures the Efficiency of siRNA Loading into Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"172","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtm.2019.01.001","article-title":"Improved Loading of Plasma-Derived Extracellular Vesicles to Encapsulate Antitumor miRNAs","volume":"13","author":"Pomatto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Methods Clin. Dev."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vesic.2024.100052","article-title":"Ultrasonication Outperforms Electroporation for Extracellular Vesicle Cargo Depletion","volume":"4","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Extracell. Vesicle"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118813","article-title":"Quantitative and Qualitative Comparison of mRNA Loading Techniques into Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"193","author":"Guarro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-019-0485-1","article-title":"Large-Scale Generation of Functional mRNA-Encapsulating Exosomes via Cellular Nanoporation","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-024-01214-6","article-title":"Antibody-Displaying Extracellular Vesicles for Targeted Cancer Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Wiklander","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-017-0012-z","article-title":"Nanoparticle Orientation to Control RNA Loading and Ligand Display on Extracellular Vesicles for Cancer Regression","volume":"13","author":"Pi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaat0195","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aat0195","article-title":"Anchor Peptide Captures, Targets, and Loads Exosomes of Diverse Origins for Diagnostics and Therapy","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31053","DOI":"10.3402\/jev.v5.31053","article-title":"Display of GPI-Anchored Anti-EGFR Nanobodies on Extracellular Vesicles Promotes Tumour Cell Targeting","volume":"5","author":"Kooijmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.01.073","article-title":"Mannose-Modified Exosomes Loaded with MiR-23b-3p Target Alveolar Macrophages to Alleviate Acute Lung Injury in Sepsis","volume":"379","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12085","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12085","article-title":"Biodistribution of Extracellular Vesicles Following Administration into Animals: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"Kang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-023-01585-y","article-title":"Cellular Uptake and in Vivo Distribution of Mesenchymal-Stem-Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Are Protein Corona Dependent","volume":"19","author":"Faruqu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(98)70018-1","article-title":"Bronchial Subepithelial Fibrosis and Expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Asthmatic Airway Inflammation","volume":"102","author":"Hoshino","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2023.07.003","article-title":"Airway Epithelium IgE-Fc\u03b5RI Cross-Link Induces Epithelial Barrier Disruption in Severe T2-High Asthma","volume":"16","author":"Weng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S349818","article-title":"Endothelial Microparticles Derived from Primary Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells Mediate Lung Inflammation in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease by Transferring microRNA-126","volume":"15","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","unstructured":"Global Initiative for Asthma (2025). Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention, 2025, Global Initiative for Asthma."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1111\/all.13234","article-title":"Fibroblast-Derived Exosomes Promote Epithelial Cell Proliferation through TGF-\u03922 Signalling Pathway in Severe Asthma","volume":"73","author":"Plante","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8850","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.16843","article-title":"Increased Airway Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomes Activate Macrophage-Mediated Allergic Inflammation via CD100 Shedding","volume":"25","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.13122","article-title":"Eosinophil-Derived Exosomes Contribute to Asthma Remodelling by Activating Structural Lung Cells","volume":"48","author":"Sastre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.12.1565","article-title":"Proinflammatory Role of Epithelial Cell-Derived Exosomes in Allergic Airway Inflammation","volume":"131","author":"Kulshreshtha","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2944","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15824","article-title":"Identification of Extracellular Vesicle microRNA Signatures Specifically Linked to Inflammatory and Metabolic Mechanisms in Obesity-Associated Low Type-2 Asthma","volume":"78","author":"Alhamdan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15480","article-title":"Serum Exosome Inflamma-miRs Are Surrogate Biomarkers for Asthma Phenotype and Severity","volume":"78","author":"Arias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"153","article-title":"Serum Exosomal Expression of miR-155 and miR-221 in Moderate-to-Severe Asthmatic Patients","volume":"24","author":"Dezfuli","year":"2025","journal-title":"Iran. J. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.12.021","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Promote Immunosuppression of Regulatory T Cells in Asthma","volume":"363","author":"Du","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6696525","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6696525","article-title":"HMSC-Derived Exosome Inhibited TH2 Cell Differentiation via Regulating miR-146a-5p\/SERPINB2 Pathway","volume":"2021","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723260","DOI":"10.1080\/20013078.2020.1723260","article-title":"Small Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prevent Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cell-Dominant Allergic Airway Inflammation through Delivery of miR-146a-5p","volume":"9","author":"Fang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.110746","article-title":"Exosome miR-223-3p in the Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates the Inflammation and Airway Remodeling through NLRP3-Induced ASC\/Caspase-1\/GSDMD Signaling Pathway","volume":"123","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"5910874","article-title":"Exosomal miR-221-3p Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Asthma Progression by Targeting FGF2 and Inhibiting the ERK1\/2 Signaling Pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2147\/JAA.S335680","article-title":"Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-301a-3p Regulates Airway Smooth Muscle Cells during Asthma by Targeting STAT3","volume":"15","author":"Feng","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Asthma Allergy"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2021.2020432","article-title":"Human Bone Marrow-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomal microRNA-188 Reduces Bronchial Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in Asthma through Suppressing the JARID2\/Wnt\/\u03b2-Catenin Axis","volume":"21","author":"Shan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2023.152361","article-title":"Immune Response Modulation by Allergen Loaded into Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as an Effective Carrier through Sublingual Immunotherapy","volume":"228","author":"Dehnavi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Xu, Z., Yu, J., Zang, X., Jiang, S., Xu, S., Wang, W., and Hong, S. (2024). MiR-146a-5p Engineered hucMSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Dermatophagoides Farinae-Induced Allergic Airway Epithelial Cell Inflammation. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1443166"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202301-0106PP","article-title":"Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease 2023 Report: GOLD Executive Summary","volume":"207","author":"Celli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_165","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, May 27). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-(copd)."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31596","DOI":"10.1038\/srep31596","article-title":"Structural and Functional Characterization of Endothelial Microparticles Released by Cigarette Smoke","volume":"6","author":"Serban","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02161-z","article-title":"Cigarette Smoke Exposed Airway Epithelial Cell-Derived EVs Promote pro-Inflammatory Macrophage Activation in Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency","volume":"23","author":"Khodayari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bartel, S., Wolters, J.C., Noor, H., Rafie, K., Fang, J., Kirchner, B., Nolte-T Hoen, E., Pfaffl, M.W., Rutgers, S., and Timens, W. (2024). Altered Extracellular Vesicle-Derived Protein and microRNA Signatures in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13110945"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2020.09.017","article-title":"Microbiota Imbalance Contributes to COPD Deterioration by Enhancing IL-17a Production via miR-122 and miR-30a","volume":"22","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2821","DOI":"10.2147\/COPD.S379774","article-title":"Plasma Extracellular Vesicle miRNA Profiles Distinguish Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations and Disease Severity","volume":"17","author":"Bowman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Chronic Obstr. Pulm. Dis."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18332","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-45592-4","article-title":"Serum Exosomal microRNA-1258 May as a Novel Biomarker for the Diagnosis of Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-020-02088-6","article-title":"Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Ameliorate Airway Inflammation in a Rat Model of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)","volume":"12","author":"Ridzuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2022.07.002","article-title":"Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Protect against Papain-Induced Emphysema by Preventing Apoptosis through Activating VEGF-VEGFR2-Mediated AKT and MEK\/ERK Pathways in Rats","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen. Ther."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2206606","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202206606","article-title":"Wnt3a-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Promote Alveolar Epithelial Regeneration after Lung Injury","volume":"10","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202202-0399ST","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (an Update) and Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis in Adults: An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"205","author":"Raghu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06514-2","article-title":"Pulmonary Fibrosis: From Mechanisms to Therapies","volume":"23","author":"Jiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201807-1255ST","article-title":"Diagnosis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"198","author":"Raghu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2022.113451","article-title":"Peripheral Blood Circular RNA Hsa_circ_0058493 as a Potential Novel Biomarker for Silicosis and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"236","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01017-w","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Facilitate Resolution of Pulmonary Fibrosis by miR-29c and miR-129 Intercellular Transfer","volume":"55","author":"Nataliya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-024-02721-z","article-title":"Nebulized Milk Exosomes Loaded with siTGF-\u03921 Ameliorate Pulmonary Fibrosis by Inhibiting EMT Pathway and Enhancing Collagen Permeability","volume":"22","author":"Qiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_181","first-page":"488","article-title":"Profibrogenic Macrophage-Targeted Delivery of Mitochondrial Protector via Exosome Formula for Alleviating Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"32","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32542-3","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"397","author":"Shteinberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00538-6","article-title":"Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Mall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.09.064","article-title":"Diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis: Consensus Guidelines from the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation","volume":"181","author":"Farrell","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"026005","DOI":"10.1088\/1752-7163\/acb792","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles-Derived miRNAs as Mediators of Pulmonary Exacerbation in Pediatric Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"17","author":"Stachowiak","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Breath. Res."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2023.02.005","article-title":"Investigating Serum Extracellular Vesicles in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"22","author":"Trappe","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cyst. Fibros."},{"key":"ref_187","first-page":"00547","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles in Sputum of Children with Cystic Fibrosis Pulmonary Exacerbations","volume":"10","author":"Antounians","year":"2024","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mao, Y., Suryawanshi, A., Patial, S., and Saini, Y. (2024). Airspaces-Derived Exosomes Contain Disease-Relevant Protein Signatures in a Mouse Model of Cystic Fibrosis (CF)-like Mucoinflammatory Lung Disease. Front. Pharmacol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1460692"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2105370118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2105370118","article-title":"Let-7b-5p in Vesicles Secreted by Human Airway Cells Reduces Biofilm Formation and Increases Antibiotic Sensitivity of P. aeruginosa","volume":"118","author":"Koeppen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L54","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00150.2022","article-title":"An rRNA Fragment in Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Human Airway Epithelial Cells Increases the Fluoroquinolone Sensitivity of P. aeruginosa","volume":"325","author":"Koeppen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L164","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00253.2023","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Secreted by Primary Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells Reduce Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Burden and Inflammation in Cystic Fibrosis Mouse Lung","volume":"326","author":"Sarkar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2015.144","article-title":"Transfer of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator to Human Cystic Fibrosis Cells Mediated by Extracellular Vesicles","volume":"27","author":"Vituret","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Gene Ther."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12053","DOI":"10.1002\/jev2.12053","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome Delivered Zinc Finger Protein Activation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator","volume":"10","author":"Villamizar","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Extracell. Vesicles"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01439-8","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults: Diagnosis, Outcomes, Long-Term Sequelae, and Management","volume":"400","author":"Gorman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.21118","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"323","author":"Olson","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"326","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: New Definition, Current and Future Therapeutic Options","volume":"5","author":"Fanelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0558WS","article-title":"A New Global Definition of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"209","author":"Matthay","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parzibut, G., Henket, M., Moermans, C., Struman, I., Louis, E., Malaise, M., Louis, R., Misset, B., Njock, M.-S., and Guiot, J. (2021). A Blood Exosomal miRNA Signature in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Front. Mol. Biosci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmolb.2021.640042"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9928","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9928","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosomes Reverse Acute Lung Injury through Nrf-2\/ARE and NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathways","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-03034-3","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reverse EMT Process through Blocking the Activation of NF-\u03baB and Hedgehog Pathways in LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury","volume":"11","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9973457","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/9973457","article-title":"BMSC-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by miR-384-5p-Controlled Alveolar Macrophage Autophagy","volume":"2021","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.2619","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell Microvesicles Attenuate Acute Lung Injury in Mice Partly Mediated by Ang-1 mRNA","volume":"35","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2022.10.052","article-title":"Nebulization of Extracellular Vesicles: A Promising Small RNA Delivery Approach for Lung Diseases","volume":"352","author":"Han","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V. (2020). Pulmonary Innate Immune Response Determines the Outcome of Inflammation during Pneumonia and Sepsis-Associated Acute Lung Injury. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01722"},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20210879","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Pneumonia and Acute Lung Injury","volume":"136","author":"Long","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201908-1581ST","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Adults with Community-Acquired Pneumonia. An Official Clinical Practice Guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"200","author":"Metlay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-023-07033-8","article-title":"ERS\/ESICM\/ESCMID\/ALAT Guidelines for the Management of Severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia","volume":"49","author":"Torres","year":"2023","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202102-0498ST","article-title":"Nucleic Acid-Based Testing for Noninfluenza Viral Pathogens in Adults with Suspected Community-Acquired Pneumonia. An Official American Thoracic Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"203","author":"Evans","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Xian, Y., Duan, Z., Wan, Z., Li, J., Liao, Y., Bi, X., Wu, Z., Wang, L., and Zhang, K. (2022). Diagnostic Potential of microRNAs in Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid for Pneumonia\u2014A Preliminary Report. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11192961"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12054","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15837","article-title":"Diagnostic Potential of Circulating Cell-Free microRNAs for Community-Acquired Pneumonia and Pneumonia-Related Sepsis","volume":"24","author":"Hermann","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1186\/s41065-026-00665-y","article-title":"Exosomal lncRNA DLEU2 Aggravates Inflammatory Injury and Apoptosis in Pediatric Viral Pneumonia via the miR-330-5p","volume":"163","author":"Su","year":"2026","journal-title":"Hereditas"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meidert, A.S., Hermann, S., Brandes, F., Kirchner, B., Buschmann, D., Billaud, J.-N., Klein, M., Lindemann, A., Aue, E., and Schelling, G. (2021). Extracellular Vesicle Associated miRNAs Regulate Signaling Pathways Involved in COVID-19 Pneumonia and the Progression to Severe Acute Respiratory Corona Virus-2 Syndrome. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.784028"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-023-03385-6","article-title":"Nebulised Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles Ameliorate E. coli Induced Pneumonia in a Rodent Model","volume":"14","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-77258-0","article-title":"Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reduce Inflammatory Responses to SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza Viral Proteins via miR-146a\/NF-\u03baB Pathway","volume":"14","author":"Anggraeni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2023.06.024","article-title":"Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicle Infusion for the Treatment of Respiratory Failure from COVID-19: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Dosing Clinical Trial","volume":"164","author":"Lightner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-025-02262-3","article-title":"Clinical Investigation on Nebulized Human Umbilical Cord MSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/945\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:25:51Z","timestamp":1785486351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":216,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18080945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18080945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]}}}