{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:26:31Z","timestamp":1786955191384,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Agency for the Promotion of Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-23-0488"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-23-0488"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sports of the Slovak Republic","award":["VEGA 1\/0091\/26"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VEGA 1\/0091\/26"]}]},{"name":"Cultural and Educational Grant Agency (KEGA) of the Slovak Republic","award":["KEGA 018UVLF-4\/2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KEGA 018UVLF-4\/2025"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study evaluated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm eradication activities of biogenically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-L, AgNPs-R) mediated by extracts of Lavandula angustifolia and Salvia rosmarinus, individually and in combination with their respective essential oils (EOs) and ampicillin (AMP), against a multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming Staphylococcus equorum strain. Physicochemical characterization confirmed the successful biosynthesis of spherical AgNPs-L (10\u201325 nm) and AgNPs-R (5\u201315 nm). Individual treatments exhibited distinct antibacterial activity, with MIC values of 25 \u00b5g\/mL for AgNPs-L, 12.5 \u00b5g\/mL for AgNPs-R, and 0.1% (v\/v) for both EOs; however, they showed no ability to eradicate preformed biofilms. Dual AgNPs\/EO combinations at subinhibitory concentrations demonstrated borderline additive effects (FICI = 0.501) and significantly potentiated antibacterial and antibiofilm activity compared with individual treatments. Triple AgNPs\/EO\/AMP combinations exhibited the most pronounced biological effects, with predominantly additive interactions depending on AMP concentration. Lavender-based triple combinations achieved up to 63.9% inhibition of planktonic growth, 78.1% prevention of biofilm formation, and 37.3% eradication of mature biofilms, whereas rosemary-based combinations resulted in 57.1%, 69.4%, and 42.7% inhibition, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of multi-component systems integrating biogenic nanomaterials, phytochemicals, and conventional antibiotics as a promising strategy to enhance antimicrobial efficacy against persistent biofilm-forming non-aureus staphylococci.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18081017","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T08:05:41Z","timestamp":1786953941000},"page":"1017","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploitation of Nanoparticle\u2013Essential Oil Combinations to Enhance the Efficacy of Antimicrobial Agents Against Staphylococcus equorum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Hisirov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patr\u00edcia","family":"Hudecov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Hajdu\u010dkov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanislav","family":"Lauko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Dan\u010dov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Veterinary Medicine and Animal Welfare, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2350-7325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00edvia","family":"Ma\u010d\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Letn\u00e1 9, 042 00 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8903-2604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana","family":"Velgosova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Ko\u0161ice, Letn\u00e1 9, 042 00 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Pa\u013eove-Balang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef \u0160af\u00e1rik University in Ko\u0161ice, 041 54 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00e1n","family":"Kir\u00e1ly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Ko\u0161ice, 041 81 Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00016-10","article-title":"Origins and evolution of antibiotic resistance","volume":"74","author":"Davies","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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