{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:01:20Z","timestamp":1787029280105,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Nanoparticle carriers can enhance cancer immunotherapy by improving tumor delivery, activating innate immune responses, and remodeling tumor microenvironments. This review evaluates four categories of formulations: poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), magnetic or iron oxide nanoparticles (MNPs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). Methods: A reproducible PubMed audit identified 568 records. A rule-assisted title-and-abstract screen, followed by verification, removed 320 reviews, non-primary publications, and reports lacking qualifying in vivo formulation evidence. Of 248 potentially relevant reports, 15 primary studies were selected as representative examples; the remaining 233 were not classified as ineligible but were not selected as representative examples. These reports yielded 16 formulation-level records. One author conducted screening and extraction without protocol registration, duplicate review, or formal risk-of-bias scoring. Results: PLGA demonstrates the most robust polymer-level regulatory and manufacturing precedent; however, it remains limited by cargo instability, burst release, and challenges associated with process transfer. Biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) facilitate pore-based protection and cytosolic delivery of cyclic dinucleotides, although their degradation and clearance are dependent on formulation specifics. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) integrate magnetic targeting, imaging, and hyperthermia capabilities but necessitate formulation-specific magnetic characterization, field dosimetry, and repeated-dose safety assessments. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) provide extensive stimulus-responsive and catalytic functionalities but exhibit the least mature evidence concerning biodegradation, scalable manufacturing, and independent reproducibility. Efficacy data across different studies were not pooled due to heterogeneity in models, schedules, comparators, and tumor-growth-inhibition formulas. Conclusions: The evidence does not endorse a universal platform ranking. Translation depends on standardized immune endpoints, explicit efficacy formulas, quantitative biodistribution assessments, mechanism-confirming experiments, repeat-dose toxicology studies, scalable manufacturing processes, and independent replication. The resulting evidence map serves as a descriptive and hypothesis-generating tool rather than a meta-analysis or clinical-priority scoring system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18081019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:04:36Z","timestamp":1786961076000},"page":"1019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nanoparticle Platforms in Cancer Immunotherapy: A Critical Comparative Review of PLGA, Mesoporous Silica, Magnetic Nanoparticles, and Covalent Organic Frameworks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0513-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarfaraz K.","family":"Niazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"229","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, L., Li, J., and Song, T. (2022). Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid-based nanoparticles as delivery systems for enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Front. Chem., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2022.973666"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa8172","article-title":"The future of immune checkpoint therapy","volume":"348","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa4967","article-title":"Adoptive cell transfer as personalized immunotherapy for human cancer","volume":"348","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.131","article-title":"Towards personalized, tumour-specific, therapeutic vaccines for cancer","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.03.020","article-title":"Doxil(R): The first FDA-approved nano-drug: Lessons learned","volume":"160","author":"Barenholz","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10246","DOI":"10.1002\/btm2.10246","article-title":"Nanoparticles in the clinic: An update post COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"6","author":"Anselmo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioeng. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.accounts.9b00228","article-title":"Survey of clinical translation of cancer nanomedicines: Lessons learned from successes and failures","volume":"52","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acc. Chem. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2025.102898","article-title":"The landscape of nanomedical clinical trials","volume":"60","author":"Gultepe","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e050725","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-050725","article-title":"Assessing the safety, tolerability and efficacy of PLGA-based immunomodulatory nanoparticles in patients with advanced NY-ESO-1-positive cancers: A first-in-human phase I open-label dose-escalation study protocol (PRECIOUS-01; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04751786)","volume":"11","author":"Creemers","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"New Phase Ltd. (2026, June 20). Open Label Feasibility Dose Escalation Study to Evaluate the Safety of Sarah Nanotechnology System, with Alternating Magnetic Field (AMF) Application in Patients with Advanced Metastatic Solid Tumors; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT07224464. ClinicalTrials.gov 2025; Study Start 16 December 2025; Recruiting, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/study\/NCT07224464."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260ra149","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3009524","article-title":"Clinical translation of an ultrasmall inorganic optical-PET imaging nanoparticle probe","volume":"6","author":"Phillips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat2608","article-title":"Porous metal-organic-framework nanoscale carriers as a potential platform for drug delivery and imaging","volume":"9","author":"Horcajada","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b06663","article-title":"Chlorin-based nanoscale metal-organic framework systemically rejects colorectal cancers via synergistic photodynamic therapy and checkpoint blockade immunotherapy","volume":"138","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0269-6","article-title":"Enhancing cancer immunotherapy with nanomedicine","volume":"20","author":"Irvine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"AbbVie Inc. (2026, June 20). Lupron Depot (Leuprolide Acetate for Depot Suspension) 3.75 mg Prescribing Information; Lyophilized Microspheres with the Leuprolide Peptide Incorporated in a DL-Lactic and Glycolic Acids Copolymer. U.S. Food and Drug Administration; DailyMed 2025; Label Revised September 2025, Available online: https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=00c486b0-bd7b-4898-834d-8c656e5e73cb."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Janssen Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2026, June 20). Risperdal Consta (Risperidone) Long-Acting Injection Prescribing Information; Risperidone Microsphere Depot Formulated in 75:25 Poly(d, l-lactide-co-glycolide) Polymer (NDA 021346). U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2025; Current Label (021346s065), Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2025\/021346s065lbl.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2011.05.049","article-title":"The mechanisms of drug release in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-based drug delivery systems: A review","volume":"415","author":"Fredenberg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026498209874","article-title":"Protein instability in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles","volume":"17","author":"Hennink","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2021.120807","article-title":"PLGA-based nanomedicines manufacturing: Technologies overview and challenges in industrial scale-up","volume":"605","author":"Operti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Operti, M.C., Bernhardt, A., Pots, J., Sincari, V., Jager, E., Grimm, S., Engel, A., Benedikt, A., Hruby, M., and De Vries, I.J.M. (2022). Translating the manufacture of immunotherapeutic PLGA nanoparticles from lab to industrial scale: Process transfer and in vitro testing. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14081690"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111962","article-title":"Mannosylated polylactic-co-glycolic acid (MN-PLGA) nanoparticles induce potent anti-tumor immunity in murine model of breast cancer","volume":"142","author":"Sheikhzadeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"rbae036","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbae036","article-title":"A lipid\/PLGA nanocomplex to reshape tumor immune microenvironment for colon cancer therapy","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Regen. Biomater."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2920","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.24558","article-title":"AS1411 aptamer tagged PLGA-lecithin-PEG nanoparticles for tumor cell targeting and drug delivery","volume":"109","author":"Aravind","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122456","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2023.122456","article-title":"Macrophage-derived biomimetic nanoparticles enhanced SDT combined with immunotherapy inhibited tumor growth and metastasis","volume":"305","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.06.062","article-title":"Targeting tumor-associated macrophages with mannosylated nanotherapeutics delivering TLR7\/8 agonist enhances cancer immunotherapy","volume":"372","author":"Dang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Huang, P., Li, C., Zhang, J., Liu, X., and Chen, H. (2025). PLGA-based nanoparticles in colorectal cancer immunotherapy: Current concepts and future perspectives. Front. Pharmacol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2025.1714460"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400323","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202400323","article-title":"Mesoporous silica nanoparticles as an ideal platform for cancer immunotherapy: Recent advances and future directions","volume":"13","author":"Godakhindi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604634","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604634","article-title":"Degradability and clearance of silicon, organosilica, silsesquioxane, silica mixed oxide, and mesoporous silica nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Croissant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41578-020-0230-0","article-title":"Synthetic amorphous silica nanoparticles: Toxicity, biomedical and environmental implications","volume":"5","author":"Croissant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000130","DOI":"10.1002\/adtp.202000130","article-title":"Improving STING agonist delivery for cancer immunotherapy using biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles","volume":"3","author":"Park","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.114588","article-title":"Nanoengineering of cyclic dinucleotide-manganese complexes using biodegradable mesoporous silica nanoparticles for cancer metallo-immunotherapy","volume":"390","author":"Rana","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2025.04.040","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted manganese-based mesoporous silica nanoplatforms trigger cGAS-STING activation and sensitize anti-PD-L1 therapy in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"199","author":"Zhong","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-21-1963","article-title":"Phase I dose-escalation trial of MIW815 (ADU-S100), an intratumoral STING agonist, in patients with advanced\/metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas","volume":"28","author":"Sweis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-22-2235","article-title":"Combination of the STING agonist MIW815 (ADU-S100) and PD-1 inhibitor spartalizumab in advanced\/metastatic solid tumors or lymphomas: An open-label, multicenter, phase Ib study","volume":"29","author":"Sweis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, A.M.M., Courteau, A., Bellaye, P.S., Kohli, E., Oudot, A., Doulain, P.E., Petitot, C., Walker, P.M., Decreau, R., and Collin, B. (2022). Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for immunotherapy of cancers through macrophages and magnetic hyperthermia. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112388"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baumgartner, J., Bertinetti, L., Widdrat, M., Hirt, A.M., and Faivre, D. (2013). Formation of magnetite nanoparticles at low temperature: From superparamagnetic to stable single domain particles. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057070"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01760-8","article-title":"Engineering magnetic nano-manipulators for boosting cancer immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtbio.2024.101106","article-title":"VISTA antibody-loaded Fe3O4@TiO2 nanoparticles for sonodynamic therapy-synergistic immune checkpoint therapy of pancreatic cancer","volume":"26","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Today Bio"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1904378","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201904378","article-title":"Sequential MR image-guided local immune checkpoint blockade cancer immunotherapy using ferumoxytol-capped ultralarge pore mesoporous silica carriers after standard chemotherapy","volume":"15","author":"Choi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2001704","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202001704","article-title":"Platelet membrane-camouflaged magnetic nanoparticles for ferroptosis-enhanced cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Jiang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.003","article-title":"Effective cancer immunotherapy in mice by polyIC-imiquimod complexes and engineered magnetic nanoparticles","volume":"170","author":"Zabaleta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"CT170","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2023-CT170","article-title":"Initial Safety and Feasibility Results from a First-in-Human Clinical Trial Evaluating a Novel Magnetic Hyperthermia Approach for the Treatment of Metastatic Solid Tumors (Abstract CT170)","volume":"83","author":"Kraus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"358","article-title":"Covalent organic framework nanomedicines: Biocompatibility for advanced nanocarriers and cancer theranostics applications","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"283","article-title":"Engineered bacterial membrane biomimetic covalent organic framework as nano-immunopotentiator for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-41121-z","article-title":"Integration of AIEgens into covalent organic frameworks for pyroptosis and ferroptosis primed cancer immunotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55430-4","article-title":"Trigger inducible tertiary lymphoid structure formation using covalent organic frameworks for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56741","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16728","article-title":"STING activator c-di-GMP-loaded mesoporous silica nanoparticles enhance immunotherapy against breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2407133","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202407133","article-title":"Bacteria-mediated tumor-targeting delivery of multienzyme-mimicking covalent organic frameworks promoting pyroptosis for combinatorial sono-catalytic immunotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Covis Pharma (2026, June 20). Feraheme (Ferumoxytol Injection) Current Prescribing Information; Iron Replacement Product Indicated for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Adult Patients with Intolerance or Unsatisfactory Response to Oral Iron, or with Chronic Kidney Disease (NDA 022180; Initial U.S. Approval 2009). U.S. Food and Drug Administration; DailyMed 2026; Exact Label Record, Available online: https:\/\/dailymed.nlm.nih.gov\/dailymed\/drugInfo.cfm?setid=32b0e320-a739-11dc-a704-0002a5d5c51b."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_51.1","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2026, June 20). Supplemental New Drug Application Approval Expanding the Feraheme (Ferumoxytol Injection) Indication to All Adult Patients with Iron Deficiency Anemia Who Have Intolerance to or Unsatisfactory Response to Oral Iron (sNDA Approved February 2018), Beyond the Original 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Indication"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_51.2","unstructured":"Drugs@FDA, NDA 022180. U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2018, Available online: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/daf\/index.cfm?event=overview.process&ApplNo=022180."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-020-00653-w","article-title":"Effect of heat level and expose time on denaturation of collagen tissues","volume":"14","author":"Derman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16014","DOI":"10.1038\/natrevmats.2016.14","article-title":"Analysis of nanoparticle delivery to tumours","volume":"1","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mater."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay9249","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aay9249","article-title":"A reanalysis of nanoparticle tumor delivery using classical pharmacokinetic metrics","volume":"6","author":"Price","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41563-019-0566-2","article-title":"The entry of nanoparticles into solid tumours","volume":"19","author":"Sindhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Mater."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/nnano.2016.168","article-title":"Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues","volume":"11","author":"Zanganeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41565-018-0246-4","article-title":"Minimum information reporting in bio-nano experimental literature","volume":"13","author":"Faria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-019-0391-z","article-title":"A multi-national, randomised, open-label, parallel, phase III non-inferiority study comparing NK105 and paclitaxel in metastatic or recurrent breast cancer patients","volume":"120","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2402802","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202402802","article-title":"Optimized fabrication of dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as efficient delivery system for cancer immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Godakhindi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901989","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201901989","article-title":"Integrating artificial intelligence and nanotechnology for precision cancer medicine","volume":"32","author":"Adir","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/1019\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T10:08:18Z","timestamp":1786961298000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/8\/1019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18081019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18081019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]}}}