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Traditionally, RA-containing extracts have been prepared using organic solvents or hot-water extraction. Methods: In addition to conventional extraction techniques, the phenylpropanoid composition of medicinally important tissues from 13 Nepetoideae species was investigated following incubation in an aqueous medium at room temperature. Phenylpropanoids in the differently prepared extracts were identified by extensive HPLC-UV-HR-MS\/MS and NMR analyses. The antioxidant and cytostatic activities of isolated phenylpropanoids were evaluated using DPPH and Alamar Blue assays, respectively. Results: In tissues of all investigated species, RA underwent rapid enzyme-catalyzed conversion during aqueous incubation through oxidative decarboxylation, accompanied by the transient accumulation of nepetoidins A and B. The RA-related phenylpropanoid salvianolic acid K was identified in the roots of three Salvia species, while a previously undescribed isomer, designated salvianolic acid O, was discovered in the roots of Salvia verticillata. Both compounds underwent enzymatic transformations analogous to those of RA in aqueous medium, yielding two previously undescribed phenylpropanoids, salvianolic acids P and Q. Optimized aqueous incubation conditions enabled the high-yield accumulation of these conversion products. Together with their parent compounds, seven phenylpropanoids were isolated from selected plant tissues and were found to exhibit structure-dependent antioxidant and metabolic inhibitory activities in vitro. Conclusions: Aqueous incubation of Nepetoideae plant tissues markedly alters their phytochemical composition and provides access to previously unavailable bioactive phenylpropanoids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18081043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:37:34Z","timestamp":1787312254000},"page":"1043","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Aqueous Incubation Reveals Transformation of Rosmarinic Acid in Medicinally Important Nepetoideae Species and Leads to Novel Bioactive Compounds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Adila","family":"Nazli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5731-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadett","family":"Sz\u00f6gi-Tat\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szilvia","family":"B\u0151sze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HUN-REN-ELTE Research Group of Peptide Chemistry, Hungarian Research Network, ELTE E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyv\u00e1rad t\u00e9r 4, 1089 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-319X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerg\u0151","family":"T\u00f3th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, H\u0151gyes Endre u. 9, 1092 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5246-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Solymosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7056-6825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szabolcs","family":"B\u00e9ni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrative Health and Environmental Analysis Research Laboratory, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7852-8364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imre","family":"Boldizs\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacology and Drug Research & Development, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, E\u00f6tv\u00f6s Lor\u00e1nd University, P\u00e1zm\u00e1ny P\u00e9ter s\u00e9t\u00e1ny 1\/C, 1117 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, H., Luo, W., Bao, B., Cao, Y., Cheng, F., Yu, S., Fan, Q., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., and Shan, M. 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