{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:19:21Z","timestamp":1787721561378,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002383","name":"King Saud University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["ORF-2026-504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-504"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002383","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["ORF-2026-504"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ORF-2026-504"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/02f81g417","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Propolis is a resinous natural product rich in phenolic acids and flavonoids, recognized in ethnopharmacology for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed to identify the most bioactive Saudi propolis extract using a bioassay-guided strategy and investigate its chemical profile and mechanistic anti-inflammatory potential. Methods: Four propolis extracts (P1\u2013P4) collected from different regions of Saudi Arabia were evaluated for their antioxidant (DPPH and ABTS) and anti-inflammatory (COX-1 and COX-2) activities. The most active extract was profiled using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS), followed by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Results: Among all samples, P3 demonstrated the strongest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 25.84 \u00b1 0.96 \u00b5g\/mL (DPPH) and 32.30 \u00b1 1.20 \u00b5g\/mL (ABTS), comparable to ascorbic acid (27.45 \u00b1 1.42 and 21.22 \u00b1 0.79, respectively). P3 also exhibited potent and selective COX-2 inhibition with an IC50 of 6.19 \u00b1 0.21 \u00b5g\/mL (relative to celecoxib, IC50 0.681 \u00b1 0.02 as positive control). LC\u2013MS analysis identified 26 secondary metabolites. Computational studies ranked kaempferol as forming the most conformationally stable COX-2 complex among the ligands examined, including the reference inhibitor, on the basis of molecular dynamics descriptors of pose persistence and conformational confinement. Conclusions: Saudi propolis P3 is a potent source of bioactive compounds with strong antioxidant and selective COX-2 inhibitory activity. These findings highlight its anti-inflammatory potential and suggest its value as a natural lead for developing safer therapeutics targeting inflammation-related chronic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:47:19Z","timestamp":1787572039000},"page":"1050","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Saudi Propolis Through Phytochemical Characterization, Molecular Docking, and Dynamic Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"Aati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3640-9612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawaher H.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej","family":"Al-Taweel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sultan Y.","family":"Aati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh P.O. Box 10219, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjp.2018.11.007","article-title":"Brazilian stingless bee propolis and geopropolis: Promising sources of biologically active compounds","volume":"29","author":"Lavinas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. 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