{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:30:26Z","timestamp":1788975026794,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["211123CRP1614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211123CRP1614"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["211123CRP1614"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["211123CRP1614"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/052bx8q98","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP19676272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19676272"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP26102345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26102345"]}]},{"award":["AP19676272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP19676272"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["AP26102345"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP26102345"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Ceftriaxone (Ctx) is a third-generation cephalosporin widely used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, its clinical efficacy may be limited by rapid systemic elimination and suboptimal tissue distribution. Erythrocyte-based targeted drug delivery systems (TDDSs) have emerged as a promising approach to prolong drug circulation and enhance site-specific accumulation. This study investigated the pharmacokinetic profile and tissue distribution of ceftriaxone encapsulated in autologous erythrocytes (RBC-Ctx) compared with free ceftriaxone (Free-Ctx) following intravenous administration in rats. Methods: Ceftriaxone was encapsulated into autologous rat erythrocytes using a hypoosmotic hemolysis loading technique. Drug-loaded erythrocytes are called pharmacocytes. Adult male Wistar rats received a single intravenous injection of Free-Ctx or RBC-Ctx at an equivalent ceftriaxone dose of 340 mg\/kg. Plasma samples were collected over 24 h for pharmacokinetic analysis, while the liver, spleen, lungs, kidneys, heart, pancreas, and skeletal muscle were harvested at 1 and 12 h for tissue distribution studies. Ceftriaxone concentrations were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. Results: Erythrocyte encapsulation significantly modified the pharmacokinetic behavior of ceftriaxone. Compared with Free-Ctx, RBC-Ctx prolonged the elimination half-life (4.4 \u00b1 0.6 vs. 1.8 \u00b1 0.1 h), increased systemic exposure (AUC0\u2013last, 1.6 \u00b1 0.1 vs. 1.2 \u00b1 0.2 mg\u00b7h\/mL), reduced total body clearance (218.2 \u00b1 11.0 vs. 294.0 \u00b1 48.8 mL\/h\/kg), and increased the apparent volume of distribution at steady state (688.3 \u00b1 61.0 vs. 435.0 \u00b1 23.1 mL\/kg). In addition, RBC-Ctx was associated with a distinct relative tissue-distribution pattern of ceftriaxone, particularly in reticuloendothelial system-rich organs such as the liver and spleen, while ceftriaxone remained detectable in several tissues at 12 h after administration. In contrast, ceftriaxone concentrations following Free-Ctx declined markedly or became undetectable over the same period. Conclusions: Encapsulation of ceftriaxone into autologous erythrocytes substantially prolonged systemic circulation, enhanced drug exposure, reduced clearance, and altered the relative tissue distribution of ceftriaxone. These findings demonstrate that erythrocyte-based carriers effectively modulate ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution, supporting their potential as a targeted antibiotic delivery platform for improving antimicrobial therapy, particularly for infections involving reticuloendothelial system-associated tissues. Further studies in experimental models of infection and inflammation are warranted to evaluate therapeutic efficacy under pathological conditions and to optimize this delivery strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T10:04:55Z","timestamp":1787652295000},"page":"1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Pharmacokinetics of Ceftriaxone Encapsulated in Carrier Erythrocytes in Experimental Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6371-9210","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kulzhan","family":"Berikkhanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"University Medical Center, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Professor G.V. Tsoi Scientific and Educational Center of Surgery, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandr","family":"Gulyayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Evidence-Based Medicine, Karaganda Medical University, Karaganda 100017, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6351-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yernur","family":"Zakirov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5266-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Askhat","family":"Zhilkaidarov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Azhar","family":"Zhaisanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Core Facilities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7748-5673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nurgul","family":"Daniyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Core Facilities, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ardak","family":"Omarbekov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"},{"name":"Professor G.V. Tsoi Scientific and Educational Center of Surgery, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulsara","family":"Berikkhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Higher Mathematics, Faculty of Computer Systems and Professional Education, Saken Seifullin Kazakh Agrotechnical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yessenkhan","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Center \u201cSultan-Medicus\u201d, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhannat","family":"Zhakiyanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Named After A.A. Kozbagarov, Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Semey State Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gulyash","family":"Tanysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Named After A.A. Kozbagarov, Department of Neurology, Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, Semey State Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117131","article-title":"Emerging platelet-based drug delivery systems","volume":"177","author":"Fang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"S233","article-title":"Polymeric Drug Delivery Systems in Biomedicine","volume":"90","author":"Gulyaev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2025.104340","article-title":"Gastroretentive drug delivery systems: A holy grail in oral delivery","volume":"30","author":"Omidian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2025.107455","article-title":"Nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems in overcoming bacterial resistance: Current review","volume":"203","author":"Obeid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parvin, N., Joo, S.W., and Mandal, T.K. (2025). Nanomaterial-Based Strategies to Combat Antibiotic Resistance: Mechanisms and Applications. Antibiotics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020207"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergazy, S., Zhetkenev, S., Shulgau, Z., Chulenbayeva, L., Kamyshanskiy, Y., Nurgaziyev, M., Nurgozhina, A., Mukhanbetzhanova, Z., Berikkhanova, K., and Gulyayev, A. (2024). Investigating the Suitability of Mare\u2019s Milk-Derived Exosomes as Potential Drug Carriers. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14101247"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yusuf, A., Almotairy, A.R.Z., Henidi, H., Alshehri, O.Y., and Aldughaim, M.S. (2023). Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems: A Review of the Implication of Nanoparticles\u2019 Physicochemical Properties on Responses in Biological Systems. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15071596"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1021\/ja110468v","article-title":"A biocompatible oxidation-triggered carrier polymer with potential in therapeutics","volume":"133","author":"Broaders","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berikkhanova, K., Inuwa, I., Jibo, A.G., Berikkhanov, N., Bikhanov, N., Sultan, Y., and Omarbekov, A. (2026). Hybrid Nanocarriers for Cancer Therapy: Advancements in Co-Delivery of Gene Therapy and Immunotherapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010248"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2022.07.009","article-title":"Blood cell-based drug delivery systems: A biomimetic platform for antibacterial therapy","volume":"177","author":"Rong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gutierrez-Millan, C., Barez Diaz, C., Alvarez Vizan, L., and Colino, C.I. (2023). Evaluation of Two Osmosis-Based Methods for the Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems Based on Red Blood Cells. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15092281"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.7b00758","article-title":"Red Blood Cells as Smart Delivery Systems","volume":"29","author":"Han","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioconjug Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2021.174009","article-title":"Novel engineering: Biomimicking erythrocyte as a revolutionary platform for drugs and vaccines delivery","volume":"900","author":"Alzubaidi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berikkhanova, K., Inuwa, I., Taigulov, E., Kozhakhmetov, S., Bikhanov, N., Omarbekov, A., Berikkhanova, G., Sultan, Y., Jibo, A.G., and Abdrakhmanova, S. (2026). Biomimetic Targeted Drug Delivery for Liver Failure in Abdominal Sepsis: Focus on Autologous Erythrocyte Ghosts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27114978"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sergazy, S., Berikkhanova, K., Gulyayev, A., Shulgau, Z., Maikenova, A., Bilal, R., Terzic, M., Zhumadilov, Z., and Aljofan, M. (2025). Cell-Based Drug Delivery Systems: Innovative Drug Transporters for Targeted Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26178143"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"481","article-title":"Red blood cells-derived components as biomimetic functional materials: Matching versatile delivery strategies based on structure and function","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2008.05.008","article-title":"In vitro studies of amikacin-loaded human carrier erythrocytes","volume":"152","author":"Bax","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1986.tb01305.x","article-title":"Survival of gentamicin loaded carrier erythrocytes in healthy human volunteers","volume":"16","author":"Eichler","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkm477","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of amikacin encapsulated in carrier erythrocytes","volume":"61","author":"Millan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e23451","article-title":"Drug-loaded erythrocytes: Modern approaches for advanced drug delivery for clinical use","volume":"10","author":"Berikkhanova","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2016.02.014","article-title":"Red blood cell ghosts as promising drug carriers to target wound infections","volume":"38","author":"Berikkhanova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"RWD Life Science (2026, August 20). Rodent Anesthesia System R540. Available online: www.rwdstco.com."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TX00146K","article-title":"Cell to rodent: Toxicological profiling of folate grafted thiomer enveloped nanoliposomes","volume":"6","author":"Sohail","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-05079-7","article-title":"Red blood cell-hitchhiking boosts delivery of nanocarriers to chosen organs by orders of magnitude","volume":"9","author":"Brenner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"19","article-title":"IHP entrapment into human erythrocytes: Comparison between hypotonic dialysis and DMSO osmotic pulse","volume":"326","author":"Mosca","year":"1992","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S96470","article-title":"Drug-loaded erythrocytes: On the road toward marketing approval","volume":"10","author":"Bourgeaux","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug Des. Devel. Ther."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"37","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of kanamycin during targeted delivery to the liver in erythrocyte ghosts in animals with experimental acute cholecystitis","volume":"35","year":"1990","journal-title":"Antibiot. Khimioter."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"23","article-title":"The loading of human erythrocytes with small molecules by electroporation","volume":"10","author":"Saulis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-016-1072-9","article-title":"Changes in ceftriaxone pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics during the early phase of sepsis: A prospective, experimental study in the rat","volume":"14","author":"Selmi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.26.979","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo Methods to Measure the Ceftriaxone Distribution into the Rat Tail Intervertebral Disc","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). Lixoft Monolix Suite User Guide. Available online: www.lixoft.com."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208783330772","article-title":"Drug loaded erythrocytes: As novel drug delivery system","volume":"14","author":"Hirlekar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6240","DOI":"10.1039\/C6TB01348A","article-title":"Folate grafted thiolated chitosan enveloped nanoliposomes with enhanced oral bioavailability and anticancer activity of docetaxel","volume":"4","author":"Sohail","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mat. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2026, August 20). GraphPad Software GraphPad Prism Version 1042 for Windows San Diego California, USA. Available online: www.graphpad.com."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1936.tb02137.x","article-title":"The use of multiple measurements in taxonomic problems","volume":"7","author":"Fisher","year":"1936","journal-title":"Ann. Eugen."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1955.10501294","article-title":"A multiple comparison procedure for comparing several treatments with a control","volume":"50","author":"Dunnett","year":"1955","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2736(01)00418-7","article-title":"Kinetics of erythrocyte swelling and membrane hole formation in hypotonic media","volume":"1558","author":"Pribush","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13143","article-title":"Tissue-resident innate immunity in the lung","volume":"159","author":"Ardain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V. (2020). Pulmonary innate immune response determines the outcome of inflammation during pneumonia and sepsis-associated acute lung injury. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01722"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17480\/psk.2018.62.1.1","article-title":"Quantification of Ceftriaxone in Rat Plasma Using Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yakhak Hoeji"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"442","article-title":"Ceftriaxone stability and sensitive analysis by fully validated ion-pair HPLC assay in human plasma","volume":"9","author":"Hussein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Chem. Indian J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.12.2804","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 milligrams intravenously) for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery","volume":"36","author":"Martin","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.3.812","article-title":"Penetration of ceftriaxone (1 or 2 grams intravenously) into mediastinal and cardiac tissues in humans","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/40.3.445","article-title":"Concentrations of prophylactic ceftriaxone in abdominal tissues during pancreatic surgery","volume":"40","author":"Martin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.5.1311","article-title":"Concentrations of ceftriaxone (1000 milligrams intravenously) in abdominal tissues during open prostatectomy","volume":"40","author":"Martina","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.4103\/joacp.JOACP_28_18","article-title":"Ceftriaxone concentration at the surgical site following systemic and isolated upper limb injection","volume":"34","author":"Kundra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anaesthesiol. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12282","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in plasma and bone of patients undergoing hip or knee surgery","volume":"66","author":"Gergs","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2011.03.003","article-title":"Ceftriaxone bone penetration in patients with septic non-union of the tibia","volume":"15","author":"Garazzino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crphar.2022.100082","article-title":"Variability in the serum and tissue concentrations of pre-incisional ceftriaxone for surgery in paediatric population and outcome of surgical-site infections: An open labelled, prospective, non-randomized, analytical study","volume":"3","author":"Sheikh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Pharmacol. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.5246\/jcps.2021.07.046","article-title":"Determination of free ceftriaxone concentration and its application in predicting lung tissue concentration","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Chin. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10131","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1409861111","article-title":"Engineered red blood cells as carriers for systemic delivery of a wide array of functional probes","volume":"111","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3157","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1701746114","article-title":"Engineered erythrocytes covalently linked to antigenic peptides can protect against autoimmune disease","volume":"114","author":"Pishesha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15907","DOI":"10.1038\/srep15907","article-title":"Memory of tolerance and induction of regulatory T cells by erythrocyte-targeted antigens","volume":"5","author":"Grimm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaax9250","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9250","article-title":"Erythrocyte leveraged chemotherapy (ELeCt): Nanoparticle assembly on erythrocyte surface to combat lung metastasis","volume":"5","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2015.07.043","article-title":"Exploiting shape, cellular-hitchhiking and antibodies to target nanoparticles to lung endothelium: Synergy between physical, chemical and biological approaches","volume":"68","author":"Anselmo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomaterials"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1052\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:23:05Z","timestamp":1787804585000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091052","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}