{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:18:07Z","timestamp":1787890687713,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U23A20523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20523"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["824B2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824B2121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82572773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572773"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82472460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472460"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["U23A20523"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U23A20523"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["824B2121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["824B2121"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82572773"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82572773"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82472460"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472460"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011789","name":"Department of Science and Technology of Jilin Province","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["20250204083YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250204083YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011789","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["20250204083YY"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20250204083YY"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049x38272","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004032","name":"Jilin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25GNYZ20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25GNYZ20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004032","name":"Jilin University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2026CX311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026CX311"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004032","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25GNYZ20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25GNYZ20"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00js3aw79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2026CX311"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2026CX311"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00js3aw79","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: Critical-sized bone defects continue to represent a substantial challenge in orthopedic clinical practice. Decellularized bone matrix (DBM) possesses favorable osteoconductive properties due to its retention of native extracellular matrix architecture and collagen components. However, its limited osteogenic bioactivity restricts its application in complex bone defect repair. This study aimed to construct a dendritic mesoporous silica (DMSN)-modified DBM composite scaffold loaded with teriparatide (DBM-DMSN@TPTD) and to systematically evaluate its physicochemical properties, drug release behavior, biocompatibility, and osteogenic differentiation-promoting capacity. Methods: A DBM scaffold was prepared from bovine femoral cancellous bone via a combined freeze\u2013thaw and chemical detergent decellularization method. DMSNs were synthesized through a sol\u2013gel method, amine-functionalized with APTES, and covalently grafted onto the DBM surface via EDC\/NHS crosslinking. Teriparatide was loaded onto the composite scaffolds at three concentrations (1, 10, and 100 nmol\/L). The scaffolds were characterized via SEM, TEM, BET, EDS and XPS. Decellularization efficacy was assessed by DAPI staining and nucleic acid quantification. Drug release behavior was evaluated through in vitro release studies, while biocompatibility and osteogenic differentiation of rat BMSCs were examined using Live\/Dead staining, phalloidin\/DAPI cytoskeletal staining, CCK-8 assays, ALP staining, and RUNX2\/OCN immunofluorescence. Results: DMSNs demonstrated a dendritic mesoporous architecture, featuring a specific surface area of 390.44 \u00b1 1.78 m2\/g and pore diameters within the range of 15\u201320 nm. DBM showed effective removal of immunogenicity, with well-preserved collagen architecture. Drug release displayed a biphasic pattern, with 56.03% released within the first 72 h and 83.23% by day 16. None of the tested scaffolds showed obvious cytotoxicity under the experimental conditions. The DBM-DMSN@TPTD-M group (10 nmol\/L) produced the strongest effects on BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation, as indicated by the highest ALP activity and elevated RUNX2 and OCN expression (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The DBM-DMSN@TPTD scaffold offers a native bone microenvironment, sustained drug release, and osteogenic activity in vitro. These features may support BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Accordingly, this scaffold warrants further investigation as a potential strategy for bone defect repair.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T12:59:57Z","timestamp":1787749197000},"page":"1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Dendritic Mesoporous Silica-Modified Decellularized Bone Matrix Scaffold for Sustained Teriparatide Delivery in Bone Defect Repair: Characterization, Drug Release, and In Vitro Biological Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbo","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8905-1596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shipu","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jincheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-0957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haotian","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chenyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4953","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.3c00413","article-title":"Functionalized Decellularized Bone Matrix Promotes Bone Regeneration by Releasing Osteogenic Peptides","volume":"9","author":"Cui","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13036-021-00282-5","article-title":"Application of decellularized bone matrix as a bioscaffold in bone tissue engineering","volume":"16","author":"Amirazad","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897261445513","article-title":"Research advances in bioactive bone graft materials and bone marrow enrichment techniques for bone defect treatment","volume":"35","author":"Shen","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cell Transpl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2011.06.015","article-title":"Complications following autologous bone graft harvesting from the iliac crest and using the RIA: A systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Dimitriou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2010.481669","article-title":"Biological therapy of bone defects: The immunology of bone allo-transplantation","volume":"10","author":"Graham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"101091","article-title":"Metallic topological structures in bone repair implants: Design, properties, and biological interactions","volume":"58","author":"Wang","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Transl."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"100787","article-title":"Investigating the effect of combination between demineralized bone matrix and hydroxyapatite in spinal fusion: A systematic review and meta analysis","volume":"5","author":"Himawan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2024.050","article-title":"Decellularized Matrices for the Treatment of Tissue Defects: From Matrix Origin to Immunological Mechanisms","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., and Lv, Y. (2018). Reconstructing Bone with Natural Bone Graft: A Review of In Vivo Studies in Bone Defect Animal Model. Nanomaterials, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano8120999"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Inchingolo, A.M., Marinelli, G., Trilli, I., Del Vecchio, G., Di Noia, A., Inchingolo, F., Del Fabbro, M., Palermo, A., Inchingolo, A.D., and Dipalma, G. (2025). A Histological and Clinical Evaluation of Long-Term Outcomes of Bovine Bone-Derived Xenografts in Oral Surgery: A Systematic Review. J. Funct. Biomater., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfb16090321"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37576","DOI":"10.52965\/001c.37576","article-title":"Bovine-derived xenograft is a viable bone graft substitute in multilevel, instrumented, spinal fusion","volume":"14","author":"Prost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Orthop. Rev."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Montanhini, P., Antunes, B.P., Pestilho, J.F.C., Galia, C.R., Guedes, A., and Becker, R.G. (2023). Bovine Grafting: An Effective Alternative after Curettage of Benign Bone Tumors. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13030789"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1436","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2017.0026","article-title":"(*) Extracellular Matrices for Bone Regeneration: A Literature Review","volume":"23","author":"Mansour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31812","DOI":"10.1039\/D5RA02106E","article-title":"Synthetic scaffolds functionalized with mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells-derived extracellular matrix for bone tissue engineering: A review","volume":"15","author":"Domingues","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/ad967c","article-title":"Biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: Achievements to date and future directions","volume":"20","author":"Garimella","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2008.01270.x","article-title":"Assessment of the potential of growth factors for localized alveolar ridge augmentation: A systematic review","volume":"35","author":"Jung","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kawai, T. (2025). Preclinical Evaluation and Advancements in Vascularized Bone Tissue Engineering. Biomimetics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomimetics10070412"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.6026\/973206300212464","article-title":"Growth factors and osseointegration in dental implants\u2014A review","volume":"21","author":"Chandwani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Bioinformation"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"499","article-title":"Teriparatide in the management of osteoporosis","volume":"2","author":"Bodenner","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1530\/EOR-23-0205","article-title":"Teriparatide in postmenopausal osteoporosis: Uncovering novel insights into efficacy and safety compared to other treatments\u2014A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Essien","year":"2024","journal-title":"EFORT Open Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1371136","article-title":"Investigational anabolic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis: An update on recent developments","volume":"26","author":"Dede","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Canto, J.D., Mour\u00e3o, C.F., Moraschini, V., da Silva Bonato, R., Sartoretto, S.C., Calasans-Maia, M.D., Granjeiro, J.M., and Louro, R.S. (2025). Teriparatide for Guided Bone Regeneration in Craniomaxillofacial Defects: A Systematic Review of Preclinical Studies. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.3390\/cimb47080582"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.11.141","article-title":"Teriparatide promotes healing of critical size femur defect through accelerating angiogenesis and degradation of \u03b2-TCP in OVX osteoporotic rat model","volume":"96","author":"Xie","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(02)00154-6","article-title":"Developments in parathyroid hormone and related peptides as bone-formation agents","volume":"2","author":"Fox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2007.03.017","article-title":"Molecular and cellular mechanisms of the anabolic effect of intermittent PTH","volume":"40","author":"Jilka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP93830","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.93830","article-title":"Enhancing bone regeneration and osseointegration using rhPTH(1-34) and dimeric (R25C)PTH(1-34) in an osteoporotic beagle model","volume":"13","author":"Shin","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-010-9424-6","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of teriparatide (rhPTH [1-34]) and calcium pharmacodynamics in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis","volume":"87","author":"Satterwhite","year":"2010","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2015.05.027","article-title":"Bone tissue engineering using silica-based mesoporous nanobiomaterials: Recent progress","volume":"55","author":"Shadjou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C Mater. Biol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202112752","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202112752","article-title":"Dendritic Mesoporous Nanoparticles: Structure, Synthesis and Properties","volume":"61","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1700831","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201700831","article-title":"Mesoporous Silica and Organosilica Nanoparticles: Physical Chemistry, Biosafety, Delivery Strategies, and Biomedical Applications","volume":"7","author":"Croissant","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, C., Lei, C., and Yu, C. (2019). Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Protein Protection and Delivery. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00290"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27669","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.8b08668","article-title":"Demineralized Bone Scaffolds with Tunable Matrix Stiffness for Efficient Bone Integration","volume":"10","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22655","DOI":"10.1021\/am506653n","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Size Controllable Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"6","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"2039","article-title":"Phosphorylation inhibition of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B tyrosine-152 induces bone regeneration coupled with angiogenesis for bone tissue engineering","volume":"6","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioact. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.01.057","article-title":"An overview of tissue and whole organ decellularization processes","volume":"32","author":"Crapo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"97179","article-title":"Perspectives on the extracellular matrix in inflammatory bowel disease and bowel decellularization protocols","volume":"14","author":"Miglino","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnoncrysol.2023.122578","article-title":"Cerium doped dendritic mesoporous bioactive glass nanoparticles with bioactivity and drug delivery capability","volume":"620","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Non-Cryst. Solids"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2022.101144","article-title":"Nonordered dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles as promising platforms for advanced methods of diagnosis and therapies","volume":"26","author":"Malekmohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"An, W., Defaus, S., Andreu, D., and Rivera-Gil, P. (2021). In Vivo Sustained Release of Peptide Vaccine Mediated by Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.684612"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S334785","article-title":"Antisense vicR-Loaded Dendritic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Regulate the Biofilm Organization and Cariogenicity of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"17","author":"Tian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3642","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01825-9","article-title":"Simvastatin loaded surface-decorated 3D-dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for enhanced antihyperlipidemic activity: In vitro and in vivo appraisal","volume":"15","author":"Kassem","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s44174-024-00252-7","article-title":"Study of the Effect of Two Different Chemical Cross-Linking Agents (EDC\/NHS and Genipin) on the Physical, Chemical, and Mechanical Properties of Collagen, Polycaprolactone, and Chitosan Scaffolds","volume":"3","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Devices"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.06.075","article-title":"Current methods of collagen cross-linking: Review","volume":"161","author":"Adamiak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, J., Matheson, B.A., and Gower, L. (2023). Influence of Crosslinking Methods on Biomimetically Mineralized Collagen Matrices for Bone-like Biomaterials. Polymers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym15091981"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6413","DOI":"10.1021\/la900023p","article-title":"Improving adsorbent properties of cage-like ordered amine functionalized mesoporous silica with very large pores for bioadsorption","volume":"25","author":"Qiao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(83)90064-9","article-title":"Mechanisms of solute release from porous hydrophilic polymers","volume":"15","author":"Korsmeyer","year":"1983","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NA00219D","article-title":"Comprehensive understanding of the synthesis and formation mechanism of dendritic mesoporous silica nanospheres","volume":"2","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Narayan, R., Nayak, U.Y., Raichur, A.M., and Garg, S. (2018). Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review on Synthesis and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10030118"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2003.08.004","article-title":"Collagen gel systems for sustained delivery and tissue engineering","volume":"55","author":"Wallace","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-3659(87)90034-4","article-title":"A simple equation for description of solute release I. Fickian and non-fickian release from non-swellable devices in the form of slabs, spheres, cylinders or discs","volume":"5","author":"Ritger","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2005.04.011","article-title":"Response to continuous and pulsatile PTH dosing: A mathematical model for parathyroid hormone receptor kinetics","volume":"37","author":"Potter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24502","article-title":"Thiol-ene Hydrogels for Local Delivery of PTH for Bone Regeneration in Critical Size defects","volume":"38","author":"Wojda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.049","article-title":"Local pulsatile PTH delivery regenerates bone defects via enhanced bone remodeling in a cell-free scaffold","volume":"114","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02271-w","article-title":"Nano-carrier DMSN for effective multi-antigen vaccination against SARS-CoV-2","volume":"22","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.2174\/1567201819666220616121602","article-title":"Facile Synthesis of Three Types of Mesoporous Silica Microspheres as Drug Delivery Carriers and their Sustained-Release Properties","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Deliv."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1159\/000477605","article-title":"Endogenous Parathyroid Hormone Promotes Fracture Healing by Increasing Expression of BMPR2 through cAMP\/PKA\/CREB Pathway in Mice","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm.2020.4754","article-title":"PTH(1-34) activates the migration and adhesion of BMSCs through the rictor\/mTORC2 pathway","volume":"46","author":"Lv","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hojo, H. (2023). Emerging RUNX2-Mediated Gene Regulatory Mechanisms Consisting of Multi-Layered Regulatory Networks in Skeletal Development. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032979"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03344081","article-title":"Parathyroid hormone regulates osterix and Runx2 mRNA expression predominantly through protein kinase A signaling in osteoblast-like cells","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, S.W., Rimando, M.G., Liu, Y.S., and Lee, O.K. (2017). Intermittent Administration of Parathyroid Hormone 1-34 Enhances Osteogenesis of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Regulating Protein Kinase C\u03b4. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18102221"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manolagas, S.C. (2020). Osteocalcin promotes bone mineralization but is not a hormone. PLoS Genet., 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008714"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.141007","article-title":"Effects of decellularization on glycosaminoglycans and collagen macromolecules in bovine bone extracellular matrix","volume":"307","author":"Trevizani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102740","article-title":"Acceleration of bone healing by a growth factor-releasing allo-hybrid graft","volume":"93","author":"Parsaei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01432","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202501432","article-title":"Functionalized Decalcified Bone Matrix Scaffold for Cartilage and Bone Regeneration and Repair of Osteochondral Composite Defects","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tea.2024.0183","article-title":"A Composite Foam of Dermal Matrix-Demineralized Bone Matrix for Enhanced Bone Regeneration","volume":"31","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12593","DOI":"10.1002\/eem2.12593","article-title":"The Capture and Catalytic Conversion of CO2 by Dendritic Mesoporous Silica-Based Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boccardi, E., Philippart, A., Juhasz-Bortuzzo, J.A., Beltr\u00e1n, A.M., Novajra, G., Vitale-Brovarone, C., Spiecker, E., and Boccaccini, A.R. (2015). Uniform Surface Modification of 3D Bioglass(\u00ae)-Based Scaffolds with Mesoporous Silica Particles (MCM-41) for Enhancing Drug Delivery Capability. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2015.00177"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.20871","article-title":"Collagen scaffolds for tissue engineering","volume":"89","author":"Glowacki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604634","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201604634","article-title":"Degradability and Clearance of Silicon, Organosilica, Silsesquioxane, Silica Mixed Oxide, and Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles","volume":"29","author":"Croissant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"015001","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-605X\/12\/1\/015001","article-title":"The stimulatory effect of silica nanoparticles on osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40598","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA07849A","article-title":"Dual-generation dendritic mesoporous silica nanoparticles for co-delivery and kinetically sequential drug release","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2019.04.050","article-title":"Systematic investigation of in vitro and in vivo safety, toxicity and degradation of mesoporous silica nanoparticles synthesized using commercial sodium silicate","volume":"284","author":"Bhavsar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1067\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T04:10:44Z","timestamp":1787890244000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1067"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091067","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]}}}