{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T11:22:10Z","timestamp":1787829730401,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie","award":["778051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["778051"]}]},{"name":"SSPC, The Research Ireland Centre for Pharmaceuticals","award":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12\/RC\/2275_P2"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Nr:2025\/57\/N\/ST5\/00982 (Id: 653007)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr:2025\/57\/N\/ST5\/00982 (Id: 653007)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["Nr:2025\/57\/N\/ST5\/00982 (Id: 653007)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nr:2025\/57\/N\/ST5\/00982 (Id: 653007)"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03ha2q922","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: In this study, the solid-state properties of two amorphous forms of rosuvastatin calcium (ROS) and co-amorphous systems of rosuvastatin with carvedilol (CAR) were investigated. Methods: The studied systems were investigated using TGA, DSC, TMDSC, PXRD, SAXS, SSNMR, and DVS. Results: DSC, TMDSC and SAXS revealed subtle differences between as-received ROS (ROS AR) and freshly prepared amorphous ROS (ROS AM), providing evidence of relaxation polyamorphism. Analysis of the scanning-rate dependence of the glass transition temperature classified ROS as a fragile glass former. Water sorption studies of ROS AR using Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller analysis, the Guggenheim\u2013Anderson\u2013de Boer equation, and Young\u2013Nelson models indicated a moderate specific surface area and multilayer adsorption, with water binding both at the surface and within the bulk. Co-amorphous CAR\u2013ROS systems in various molar ratios exhibited single glass transitions, confirming the formation of homogenous amorphous phases. Negative deviations from the Couchman\u2013Karasz equation indicated non-ideal mixing behaviour. Physical ageing studies showed high stability of the ROS AM and CAR-ROS 1:1 co-amorphous system, which remained amorphous after three years of storage. Conclusions: Overall, ROS forms stable amorphous and co-amorphous systems with CAR, exhibiting favourable miscibility, structural stability, and potential for application in fixed-dose combination formulations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T10:58:21Z","timestamp":1787828301000},"page":"1076","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Relaxation Polyamorphism of Rosuvastatin and Physicochemical Characterisation of a Rosuvastatin\u2013Carvedilol Co-Amorphous System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8518-4378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agata","family":"Olszewska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Pharmacy Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Bukowska 70, 60-812 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Brycka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Pharmacy Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4981-8247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Umerska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-6796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Tajber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Pyda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996-1600, USA"},{"name":"Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6197, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3325-4109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcin","family":"Skotnicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Pharmacy Division, Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3, 60-806 Poznan, Poland"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"631","article-title":"Statin Therapy: Review of Safety and Potential Side Effects","volume":"32","author":"Ramkumar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Cardiol. 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