{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:30Z","timestamp":1787944650044,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive and heterogeneous subtype lacking effective targeted therapies. Its tumor microenvironment (TME) exhibits distinct features, including acidity, redox imbalance, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hypoxia, which provide exploitable triggers for targeted drug delivery. Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanocarriers have emerged as promising platforms that enable spatiotemporally controlled and site-specific therapeutic release in response to these endogenous cues, as well as exogenous stimuli such as temperature and light. These systems improve drug accumulation, penetration, and therapeutic efficacy while reducing systemic toxicity. Unlike previous reviews that broadly discuss nanocarriers in cancer therapy, this review focuses on the structure\u2013function relationships of TME-responsive polymeric systems in TNBC and their translational limitations. We summarize recent advances in pH-, redox-, ROS-, hypoxia-, photo- and temperature-responsive polymers, highlighting their design strategies and therapeutic applications. Key challenges, including stimulus heterogeneity, limited in vivo validation, and clinical translation barriers, are also discussed. This review provides a concise framework for the rational design of programmable, multi-responsive polymeric nanomedicines for TNBC therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Polymeric Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6015-718X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adnan Murad","family":"Bhayo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave, Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alaa R.","family":"Aboushanab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5748-4160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashkan","family":"Hassankhanirad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9194-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6230-1015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingjing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"},{"name":"Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S516542","article-title":"Diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of triple-negative breast cancer: A review","volume":"17","author":"Jie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"Prognostic Significance and Molecular Classification of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review","volume":"21","author":"Dogra","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. J. Breast Health"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e481154","DOI":"10.1200\/EDBK-25-481154","article-title":"New treatment approaches for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"45","author":"Riaz","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Educ. Book"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J. (2023). Current Treatment Landscape for Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041524"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1038\/s41523-022-00468-0","article-title":"Triple negative breast cancer: Pitfalls and progress","volume":"8","author":"Zagami","year":"2022","journal-title":"npj Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2147\/BCTT.S348060","article-title":"Treatment strategies against triple-negative breast cancer: An updated review","volume":"14","author":"Maqbool","year":"2023","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3701","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-022-04189-6","article-title":"Triple negative breast cancer: Approved treatment options and their mechanisms of action","volume":"149","author":"Mandapati","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S316700","article-title":"The Characteristics of Tumor Microenvironment in Triple Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Fan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-024-00714-6","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment and immunotherapy for triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"12","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomark. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217865","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2025.217865","article-title":"The role of tumor microenvironment and immune cell crosstalk in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): Emerging therapeutic opportunities","volume":"628","author":"Sabit","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Li, H., Yang, W., and Shi, Y. (2024). Improving efficacy of TNBC immunotherapy: Based on analysis and subtyping of immune microenvironment. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1441667"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2022.108253","article-title":"Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC): Non-genetic tumor heterogeneity and immune microenvironment: Emerging treatment options","volume":"237","author":"So","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2022.2170779","article-title":"The tumor microenvironment and triple-negative breast cancer aggressiveness: Shedding light on mechanisms and targeting","volume":"26","author":"Furukawa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07370-w","article-title":"Recent Progress in Immune Evasion Mechanisms of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Syrnioti, A., Timotheadou, E., Papadopoulos, V., Syrnioti, G., and Koletsa, T. (2025). Dissecting the Non-Immune Tumor Microenvironment in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Molecular Subtype-Specific Patterns and Prognostic Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms262211211"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bogdanov, A., Bogdanov, A., Chubenko, V., Volkov, N., Moiseenko, F., and Moiseyenko, V. (2022). Tumor acidity: From hallmark of cancer to target of treatment. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.979154"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hosonuma, M., and Yoshimura, K. (2023). Association between pH regulation of the tumor microenvironment and immunological state. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1175563"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310018","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.202310018","article-title":"Recent progress in anti-tumor nanodrugs based on tumor microenvironment redox regulation","volume":"20","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2300238","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202300238","article-title":"Redox-responsive polymeric nanoparticle for nucleic acid delivery and cancer therapy: Progress, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-022-00859-2","article-title":"Mitochondrial oxidative stress in the tumor microenvironment and cancer immunoescape: Foe or friend?","volume":"29","author":"Kuo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2013.11.022","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive polymeric nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery","volume":"35","author":"Thambi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c08504","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive polymeric nanoprodrugs for combo photodynamic and chemotherapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2025.118543","article-title":"Harnessing Nanotechnology to Modulate Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironments: Enhanced Strategies for Oncological Innovations","volume":"191","author":"Ghassemifar","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130043","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.130043","article-title":"A review of matrix metalloproteinase-2-sensitive nanoparticles as a novel drug delivery for tumor therapy","volume":"262","author":"Zong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, M.J. (2023). Matrix metalloproteinases as therapeutic targets in breast cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1108695"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shukla, M., Narayan, P., and Narayan, M. (2025). Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Triple Negative Breast Cancer. Therapeutics of Natural and Synthetic Compounds in Protease-Induced Cancer, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-26635-5.00011-0"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2024.109562","article-title":"Tumor microenvironment-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles for synergetic chemo-photo therapy","volume":"35","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.024","article-title":"Thermo-Sensitive Polymers in Medicine: A Review","volume":"117","author":"Zarrintaj","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Polym. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2022.101000","article-title":"Polymer brushes: Synthesis, characterization, properties and applications","volume":"130","author":"Bhayo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28569","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA05000G","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of 4-arm star-shaped amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"8","author":"Bhayo","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3352","DOI":"10.1002\/jssc.201800465","article-title":"Chromatographic characterization of amphiphilic di- and tri-block copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(\u03b5-caprolactone)","volume":"41","author":"Irfan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sep. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY01585A","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive polymers and their applications","volume":"8","author":"Wei","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202300217","DOI":"10.1002\/tcr.202300217","article-title":"Switching it up: The promise of stimuli-responsive polymer systems in biomedical science","volume":"24","author":"Shymborska","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chem. Rec."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104048","article-title":"Star-shaped poly(ethylene oxide) block poly(caprolactone) conjugated silver nanoparticles: A colorimetric probe for cephalexin in environmental, biological and pharmaceutical samples","volume":"149","author":"Rahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10046","DOI":"10.1002\/slct.201902334","article-title":"A novel and efficient colorimetric assay for quantitative determination of amlodipine in environmental, biological and pharmaceutical samples","volume":"4","author":"Yaqoob","year":"2019","journal-title":"ChemistrySelect"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo, S., Lv, Z., Yang, Q., Chang, R., and Wu, J. (2023). Research progress on stimulus-responsive polymer nanocarriers for cancer treatment. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15071928"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2023.103961","article-title":"A critical review on the dissemination of pH and stimuli-responsive polymeric nanoparticular systems to improve drug delivery in cancer therapy","volume":"185","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9826","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.3c02273","article-title":"Stimuli-responsive polymeric nanovaccines toward next-generation immunotherapy","volume":"17","author":"Mao","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1515\/mr-2022-0048","article-title":"Development of Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Nanomedicines Modulating Tumor Microenvironment for Improved Cancer Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Su","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. Rev."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2022.04.002","article-title":"The translational challenges of precision oncology","volume":"40","author":"Pich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2304110","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202304110","article-title":"Nanotechnology and cancer bioelectricity: Bridging the gap between biology and translational medicine","volume":"11","author":"Moreddu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1039\/D4EN01033G","article-title":"Environmental and Human Risk Assessment of Polymer Nanocarriers: A Review on Current Analytical Challenges and Promising Approaches","volume":"12","author":"Manayath","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Nano"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2513","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA10091A","article-title":"Rigor and Reproducibility in Polymer Nanoparticle Synthesis and Characterization","volume":"10","author":"Sims","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2014.03.017","article-title":"Challenges Facing Sterilization and Depyrogenation of Nanoparticles: Effects on Structural Stability and Biomedical Applications","volume":"10","author":"Vetten","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7461","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666210406115529","article-title":"Regulatory Considerations, Challenges and Risk-Based Approach in Nanomedicine Development","volume":"28","author":"Ismail","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.109.068981","article-title":"Tumor pH and its measurement","volume":"51","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-025-03134-2","article-title":"Recent Advances of Anti-Tumor Nano-Strategies via Overturning pH Gradient: Alkalization and Acidification","volume":"23","author":"Gong","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fatima, M., Sheikh, A., Abourehab, M.A., and Kesharwani, P. (2022). Advancements in polymeric nanocarriers to mediate targeted therapy against triple-negative breast cancer. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14112432"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.70470\/SHIFAA\/2023\/004","article-title":"Design and synthesis of biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"2023","author":"Ahmed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Shifaa"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Behera, A., and Padhi, S. (2022). pH-Sensitive polymeric nanoparticles for cancer treatment. Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Solid Tumors, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-14848-4_15"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.1002\/pol.20230403","article-title":"pH-responsive polymers for drug delivery: Trends and opportunities","volume":"61","author":"Singh","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47769","DOI":"10.1002\/app.47769","article-title":"Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of clotrimazole by delivery through poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(\u03b5-caprolactone) copolymer-based micelles","volume":"136","author":"Kareem","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Polym. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlSawaftah, N.M., Awad, N.S., Pitt, W.G., and Husseini, G.A. (2022). pH-responsive nanocarriers in cancer therapy. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050936"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5810","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c00878","article-title":"Self-indicating polymer prodrug nanoparticles for pH-responsive drug delivery in cancer cells and real-time monitoring of drug release","volume":"7","author":"Kayal","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S360500","article-title":"pH-responsive hyaluronic acid nanoparticles for enhanced triple negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"17","author":"Zeng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5568","DOI":"10.1039\/D2PY00246A","article-title":"pH-responsive, two-in-one doxorubicin and Bcl-2 siRNA-loaded micelleplexes for triple-negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5479","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S313339","article-title":"Smart polymeric nanoparticles with pH-responsive and PEG-detachable properties (II): Co-delivery of paclitaxel and VEGF siRNA for synergistic breast cancer therapy in mice","volume":"16","author":"Jin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2161","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00321","article-title":"PEGylated-PLGA nanoparticles coated with pH-responsive tannic acid-Fe(III) complexes for reduced premature doxorubicin release and enhanced targeting in breast cancer","volume":"18","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2022.122575","article-title":"Targeted treatment of triple-negative-breast cancer through pH-triggered tumour associated macrophages using smart theranostic nanoformulations","volume":"632","author":"Scialla","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-025-00847-2","article-title":"Advancing Engineering Design Strategies for Targeted Cancer Nanomedicine","volume":"25","author":"Gomerdinger","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, L., Sandhu, J.K., Harper, M.E., and Cuperlovic-Culf, M. (2020). Role of glutathione in cancer: From mechanisms to therapies. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10101429"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972913","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/972913","article-title":"Role of glutathione in cancer progression and chemoresistance","volume":"2013","author":"Traverso","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201804161","article-title":"Glutathione metabolism in cancer progression and treatment resistance","volume":"217","author":"Bansal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marini, H.R., Facchini, B.A., Di Francia, R., Freni, J., Puzzolo, D., Montella, L., Facchini, G., Ottaiano, A., Berretta, M., and Minutoli, L. (2023). Glutathione: Lights and shadows in cancer patients. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11082226"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34535","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05082E","article-title":"Synthesis of crosslinkable diblock terpolymers PDPA-b-P (NMS-co-OEG) and preparation of shell-crosslinked pH\/redox-dual responsive micelles as smart nanomaterials","volume":"9","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.05.006","article-title":"Doxorubicin delivered by a redox-responsive dasatinib-containing polymeric prodrug carrier for combination therapy","volume":"258","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2000605","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202000605","article-title":"Redox-responsive self-assembled nanoparticles for cancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3504","DOI":"10.1039\/D2NA00222A","article-title":"Recent advances in redox-responsive nanoparticles for combined cancer therapy","volume":"4","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nanoscale Adv."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1039\/C6QM00135A","article-title":"Recent progress and advances in redox-responsive polymers as controlled delivery nanoplatforms","volume":"1","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Front."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4171","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.42260","article-title":"Redox-sensitive carrier-free nanoparticles self-assembled by disulfide-linked paclitaxel-tetramethylpyrazine conjugate for combination cancer chemotherapy","volume":"11","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.38973","article-title":"Sensitizing triple negative breast cancer to tamoxifen chemotherapy via a redox-responsive vorinostat-containing polymeric prodrug nanocarrier","volume":"10","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtnano.2025.100647","article-title":"A redox-responsive nanoparticle with RGD-targeted effect for photo-chemo therapy of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"31","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mater. Today Nano"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-57296-4","article-title":"Dual pH\/redox-responsive hyperbranched polymeric nanocarriers with TME-trigger size shrinkage and charge reversible ability for amplified chemotherapy of breast cancer","volume":"14","author":"Badparvar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfa.2024.133320","article-title":"One-pot preparation of pH- and redox-responsive polymeric microgel as an efficient carrier for improved breast cancer therapy","volume":"685","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2025.147496","article-title":"Functionalized Hyaluronic Acid Biomaterials-Encouraged Cancer Immunotherapy through CD44-Mediated Targeting and Cell Surface Engineering: A Review","volume":"328","author":"Jangid","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2025.114860","article-title":"Recent Progress in Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanoparticles for the Anti-Tumor Application","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-025-10288-w","article-title":"Precision Epigenetic Therapies in Oncology","volume":"44","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609802","DOI":"10.3389\/pore.2021.1609802","article-title":"Hypoxia signaling in cancer: From basics to clinical practice","volume":"27","author":"Kopper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"166","article-title":"Origins and molecular effects of hypoxia in cancer","volume":"106","author":"Schito","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, R., Liao, C., and Zhang, Q. (2021). Hypoxia-driven effects in cancer: Characterization, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10030678"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e159839","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI159839","article-title":"Hypoxia-inducible factors: Cancer progression and clinical translation","volume":"132","author":"Wicks","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13457","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S548825","article-title":"Strategies for Pancreatic Cancer-Responsive Nanodrug Platforms Targeting Tumor Hypoxic Environments","volume":"20","author":"Joo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2020.05.032","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive nanoparticles for tumor-targeted drug delivery","volume":"490","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2026.108026","article-title":"Exploring the functional diversity of hypoxia-responsive polymers in drug delivery: A comparative analysis","volume":"117","author":"Tahir","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Duan, S., Han, C., Jing, C., Xiao, Z., and Li, C. (2022). Hypoxia-responsive nanomaterials for tumor imaging and therapy. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.1089446"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2808","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666160217130049","article-title":"Hypoxia responsive drug delivery systems in tumor therapy","volume":"22","author":"Alimoradi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6551","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S173431","article-title":"Hypoxia-activated prodrugs and redox-responsive nanocarriers","volume":"13","author":"Zeng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.0c01336","article-title":"Targeted polymeric nanoparticles for drug delivery to hypoxic, triple-negative breast tumors","volume":"4","author":"Mamnoon","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20551","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.1c23737","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive stereocomplex polymeric micelles with improved drug loading inhibit breast cancer metastasis in an orthotopic murine model","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2023.144271","article-title":"Effective drug and shRNA delivery for synergistic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer by sequentially targeting tumor hypoxia","volume":"470","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2142","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.4c01325","article-title":"Hypoxia-targeted responsive delivery of doxorubicin and digoxin for synergistic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"22","author":"Weng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.4c01735","article-title":"Hypoxia-responsive polymersomes for stemness reduction in patient-derived solid tumor spheroids","volume":"8","author":"Edvall","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weinberg, F., Ramnath, N., and Nagrath, D. (2019). Reactive oxygen species in the tumor microenvironment: An overview. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11081191"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7740","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA10539E","article-title":"The role of reactive oxygen species in tumor treatment","volume":"10","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-021-00435-0","article-title":"The role of ROS in tumour development and progression","volume":"22","author":"Cheung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70027","DOI":"10.1002\/bip.70027","article-title":"A Mechanistic Understanding of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)-Responsive Bio-Polymeric Nanoparticles: Current State, Challenges and Future toward Precision Therapeutics","volume":"116","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biopolymers"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.201500440","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species (ROS) responsive polymers for biomedical applications","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Macromol. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1080\/15583724.2019.1641515","article-title":"Recent progress in the biological applications of reactive oxygen species-responsive polymers","volume":"60","author":"Fan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Polym. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, L., Agrawal, P., Singh, S.K., Chhonker, Y.S., Sun, J., and Murry, D.J. (2024). Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapeutics. Polymers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym16060843"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Jia, B., Li, Z., and Li, W. (2023). Reactive oxygen species-responsive polymer drug delivery systems. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1115603"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7141","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TB01702J","article-title":"Fenton-reaction-stimulative nanoparticles decorated with a reactive-oxygen-species (ROS)-responsive molecular switch for ROS amplification and triple negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1039\/D3BM01931D","article-title":"Free drug and ROS-responsive nanoparticle delivery of synergistic doxorubicin and olaparib combinations to triple negative breast cancer models","volume":"12","author":"Cavanagh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5516","DOI":"10.1021\/acsapm.4c00779","article-title":"Self-augmented reactive oxygen species-responsive nanoformulation with efficient curcumin delivery for inhibiting triple-negative breast cancer cell growth and migration","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867328666201209100659","article-title":"ROS-responsive nanomedicine: Towards targeting the breast tumor microenvironment","volume":"28","author":"Malla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S396087","article-title":"ROS-responsive galactosylated nanoparticles with doxorubicin entrapment for triple-negative breast cancer therapy","volume":"18","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1039\/C6PY01082B","article-title":"Photo-responsive polymers: Synthesis and applications","volume":"8","author":"Bertrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7117","DOI":"10.1039\/c3cs35469e","article-title":"Photo-responsive block copolymer micelles: Design and behavior","volume":"42","author":"Gohy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6121","DOI":"10.1039\/C4SM00871E","article-title":"Photo-responsive polymeric micelles","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2017.10.019","article-title":"Photo-responsive polymer materials for biological applications","volume":"28","author":"Hao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8577","DOI":"10.1039\/D1SM00999K","article-title":"Photo-responsive polymeric nanocarriers for target-specific and controlled drug delivery","volume":"17","author":"Arya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Soft Matter"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4167","DOI":"10.1039\/C3CS60324E","article-title":"Photoresponsive polymer nanocarriers with multifunctional cargo","volume":"43","author":"Swaminathan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ibarra, L.E., Camorani, S., Agnello, L., Pedone, E., Pirone, L., Chesta, C.A., Palacios, R.E., Fedele, M., and Cerchia, L. (2022). Selective photo-assisted eradication of triple-negative breast cancer cells through aptamer decoration of doped conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14030626"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.4c00115","article-title":"Highly efficient photoswitchable smart polymeric nanovehicle for gene and anticancer drug delivery in triple-negative breast cancer","volume":"10","author":"Patra","year":"2024","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2025.104016","article-title":"Photosensitive smart hydrogel loaded neratinib for NIR-triggered photodynamic treatment for improved chemotherapy in breast cancers\u2014In vitro and in vivo analysis","volume":"115","author":"Xiang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28298","DOI":"10.1039\/D4RA08899A","article-title":"Synergistic chemotherapy and phototherapy co-delivery nanoparticle preparation and anti-triple negative breast cancer study","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202503776","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.202503776","article-title":"Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Polymer Delivery Platforms for Cancer Therapy","volume":"137","author":"Shi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Ye, Q., Lao, J., Liu, X., and Wu, P. (2025). Conjugated Polymer-Photosensitizers for Cancer Photodynamic Therapy and Their Multimodal Treatment Strategies. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17091258"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"100439","article-title":"Polymeric Micelles in Advanced Photodynamic Therapy: Design, Delivery and Translational Prospects","volume":"10","author":"Etrych","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5792","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00125K","article-title":"Photopharmacology and Photoresponsive Drug Delivery","volume":"54","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7561","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CS00502G","article-title":"Single- and Multi-Modal Molecular Probes with Second Near-Infrared Activatable Optical Signals for Disease Diagnosis and Theranostics","volume":"54","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2525057","article-title":"Near-Infrared II Nanomaterials for Hypoxic TME Diagnosis and Therapy","volume":"20","author":"Cai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, N.V., Ko, H., Lee, J., and Park, J.H. (2018). Recent progress and advances in stimuli-responsive polymers for cancer therapy. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00110"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2018.1559176","article-title":"Polymers, responsiveness and cancer therapy","volume":"47","author":"Pethe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.06.062","article-title":"Temperature-responsive polymeric micelles for optimizing drug targeting to solid tumors","volume":"193","author":"Akimoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3883","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00578","article-title":"Chemical components for the design of temperature-responsive vesicles as cancer therapeutics","volume":"116","author":"Kostarelos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01930-9","article-title":"Thermoresponsive nanoparticles for targeted and controlled delivery of doxorubicin in triple negative breast cancer: A 2D and 3D in vitro evaluation","volume":"16","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4854","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.3c00580","article-title":"Membrane-Active Thermoresponsive Block Copolymers Containing a Diacylglycerol-Based Segment: RAFT Synthesis, Doxorubicin Encapsulation, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cells","volume":"24","author":"Kurowska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2021.105992","article-title":"Combined Chemotherapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer Treatment by Paclitaxel and Niclosamide Nanocrystals Loaded Thermosensitive Hydrogel","volume":"167","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2016.10.053","article-title":"Precision Combination Therapy for Triple Negative Breast Cancer via Biomimetic Polydopamine Polymer Core-Shell Nanostructures","volume":"113","author":"Ding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.biomac.0c00302","article-title":"Therapeutic delivery of polymeric tadpole nanostructures with high selectivity to triple negative breast cancer cells","volume":"21","author":"Bobrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240112","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.202401127","article-title":"Thermo-Responsive Polymer-Based Nanoparticles: From Chemical Design to Advanced Applications","volume":"46","author":"Nunziata","year":"2025","journal-title":"Macromol. Rapid Commun."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaramiri, A., Asalh, R.A., Asalh, M.A., AlSawaftah, N., Abuwatfa, W.H., and Husseini, G.A. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of Smart Thermosensitive Nanocarriers for Precision Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157322"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abuwatfa, W.H., Awad, N.S., Pitt, W.G., and Husseini, G.A. (2022). Thermosensitive Polymers and Thermo-Responsive Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14050925"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-025-02410-x","article-title":"PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles: Unlocking advanced strategies for cancer therapy","volume":"24","author":"Kesharwani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3439","DOI":"10.1007\/s13346-025-01893-x","article-title":"Advances in Constructing Biocompatible Nanocarriers","volume":"15","author":"Duan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Drug Deliv. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167956","article-title":"A Review on Targeting Tunable Nanocarrier Interaction, Physiochemical Properties, and Futuristic Nanocarrier","volume":"1871","author":"Pandey","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413603","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202413603","article-title":"Advanced Polymeric Nanoparticles for Cancer Immunotherapy: Materials Engineering, Immunotherapeutic Mechanism and Clinical Translation","volume":"37","author":"Jia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Li, H., Zhang, H., and Meng, H. (2025). Research Progress on Biodegradable Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2025.1561708"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Kwak, J., Lim, M., Lim, S.Y., Chae, S., Ha, S.-J., Won, Y.-W., Kim, H.-O., and Lim, K.S. (2025). Advances in PCL, PLA, and PLGA-Based Technologies for Anticancer Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics17101354"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ismail, A., and Chou, S.-F. (2025). Polyethylenimine Carriers for Drug and Gene Delivery. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17152150"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3932","DOI":"10.1021\/acsbiomaterials.5c00419","article-title":"Internal Water-Induced Acceleration, Chemical Pathways, and Contributing Factors in the Degradation of Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) Microparticles and Devices","volume":"11","author":"Mayer","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"100440","article-title":"Release Mechanisms of PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Siepmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm. X"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-06435-0","article-title":"Nanocarriers for Cutting-Edge Cancer Immunotherapies","volume":"23","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113940","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2025.113940","article-title":"Advanced Rational Design of Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Controlled Delivery of Biologics","volume":"384","author":"Duggal","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13020","DOI":"10.1039\/D5NR00436E","article-title":"Polymeric Nanoparticle Synthesis for Biomedical Applications: Advancing from Wet Chemistry Methods to Dry Plasma Technologies","volume":"17","author":"Austria","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2357","DOI":"10.1080\/17435889.2025.2542110","article-title":"Emerging Polymeric Nanocarriers for mRNA and Protein Therapeutics: Design, Challenges, and Clinical Outlook","volume":"20","author":"Forenzo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:34:59Z","timestamp":1787942099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]]}}}