{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T19:17:32Z","timestamp":1787944652845,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787875200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015550","name":"Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RC-2024-08053424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2024-08053424"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["RC-2024-08053424"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC-2024-08053424"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00789fa95","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Shape-memory biodegradable scaffolds (4D scaffolds) represent promising platforms for minimally invasive tissue engineering and localized drug delivery. This study investigated how two different fabrication techniques, electrospinning (ES) and extrusion-based direct ink writing (DIW), influence the structural, thermal, mechanical, shape-memory, and drug-release properties of poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) (PLA\/PCL 70:30) scaffolds loaded with dexamethasone (DXM). Methods: DXM-loaded PLA\/PCL 70:30 scaffolds were fabricated by ES and DIW. The resulting matrices were characterized in terms of morphology, mass, thickness, drug-loading efficiency, thermal properties by differential scanning calorimetry, shape-memory performance, tensile mechanical properties, and in vitro DXM release. Results: Both fabrication techniques produced DXM-loaded matrices with comparable mass and thickness and high loading efficiencies (&gt;82%). Glass transition temperatures ranged between 33 and 39 \u00b0C, supporting thermally induced shape recovery under physiologically relevant conditions, while ES processing was associated with higher polymer crystallinity. All scaffolds exhibited shape-memory behavior, with recovery ratios exceeding 90%. ES scaffolds displayed a microporous nanofibrous architecture, whereas DIW scaffolds showed a more open and highly porous structure. These morphological differences were reflected in their mechanical behavior: ES scaffolds exhibited higher tensile strength (up to 16.5 MPa vs. 1.9 MPa) and elongation at break (up to 320% vs. 243%). Drug-release profiles were also fabrication-dependent, with ES scaffolds reaching a plateau at approximately 80% DXM release, whereas DIW scaffolds showed near-complete release within 48 h. Conclusions: Both fabrication approaches preserved the thermoresponsive shape-memory behavior of PLA\/PCL 70:30 but generated distinct scaffold architectures that strongly influenced mechanical performance and DXM-release kinetics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T18:33:52Z","timestamp":1787942032000},"page":"1084","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward 4D Biomaterials: Comparing Electrospun and 3D-Printed Shape-Memory Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5900-9053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"Ruccolo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Othorynolaringology, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Via Camillo Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, 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