{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:14:28Z","timestamp":1788430468675,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788393600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Toxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed parasite responsible for significant morbidity in both humans and animals. VXN-Toxo, is an intranasal vaccine based on maltodextrin nanoparticles formulated with inactivated T. gondii parasites. A vaccination campaign conducted worldwide in zoological parks demonstrated high efficacy across multiple species and geographical regions. These findings suggest that VXN-Toxo may induce broad cross-reactive immunity against T. gondii strains circulating in various regions. Methods: To further characterize the immune mechanisms, we evaluated the cellular immune response induced by VXN-Toxo in C57BL\/6 mice. Following vaccination, splenocytes were stimulated with antigens derived from multiple T. gondii strains, representing the major haplogroups (types I, II, III, and atypical strains). Results: ELISPOT analysis demonstrated that VXN-Toxo induced strong antigen-specific T cell responses, characterized by robust IFN-\u03b3 and IL-17 production upon stimulation with both homologous and heterologous antigens. Flow cytometry analysis further revealed the activation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, with the notable presence of IFN-\u03b3\u2013producing CD8+ central and effector memory cells and CD4+ effector memory T cells. Conclusions: Altogether, these results indicate that VXN-Toxo induces a broad, T cell\u2013mediated immune response with cross-reactive properties and highlight its potential as a promising vaccine candidate for both human and veterinary applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T09:20:43Z","timestamp":1788427243000},"page":"1109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nasal Nanoparticle Vaccine Induces a Cross-Strain T-Cell Immunity Against Toxoplasma gondii"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Aurane","family":"Lecouffe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Bouillet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Bryan","family":"Thiroux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Degraeve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ana\u00efs-Camille","family":"Vreulx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Romain","family":"Magnez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Scuotto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Barnier-Quer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Betbeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vaxinano SAS, 84 Rue du Docteur Yersin, 59120 Loos, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106432","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2022.106432","article-title":"Toxoplasmosis in Human and Animals Around the World. 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