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Methods: Here, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogels reinforced with nanographene oxide (nGO) were developed by citric acid-mediated crosslinking using nGO contents of up to 3% (w\/w) and evaluated for their physicochemical, electrochemical, and biological properties. Results: nGO exhibited a nanosheet morphology, a hydrodynamic diameter of 5.0 \u00b1 0.2 nm, and a specific surface area of approximately 650 m2 g\u22121. Incorporation of nGO modified the hydrogel structure and reduced water uptake within the tested formulation window. The nanocomposite hydrogels maintained high cytocompatibility, with approximately 100% HeLa cell viability after 24 h. Confocal microscopy and quantitative fluorescence-intensity analysis demonstrated enhanced fluorescence relative to untreated cells, reaching approximately eightfold higher signal intensity and supporting proof-of-concept fluorescence-assisted visualization of HeLa cells without exogenous fluorescent probes. However, because only HeLa cells were evaluated and no cancer-specific targeting ligand was incorporated, these findings do not establish diagnostic specificity. The CMC\u2013nGO hydrogels also exhibited radical-scavenging activity of up to 96.5% and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, with maximum inhibition zones of 12.9 and 9.2 mm, respectively. In addition, nGO incorporation modified the electrochemical response of graphite electrodes, supporting the multifunctional character of the platform. Conclusions: Overall, CMC\u2013nGO hydrogels provide a sustainable, drug-free, and fluorophore-free biointerface combining fluorescence-assisted cell visualization with antioxidant, antimicrobial, and electrochemical functionalities. Further photophysical characterization, comparison with non-cancerous cervical cells, rheological and mechanical evaluation, and validation in advanced biological models are required to establish their potential for future bioimaging and biosensing applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T08:07:06Z","timestamp":1788768426000},"page":"1121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multifunctional\u00a0CMC\u2013Nanographene Oxide Hydrogels Couple Fluorophore-Free Cancer Cell Imaging with Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8848-8597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordane S.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7945-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia O. D.","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micheli de Souza","family":"Bernardes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2371-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Pirela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatriz","family":"Ruivinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filipa","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Algarve, Gambelas Campus, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"},{"name":"Centro de Ci\u00eancias do Mar do Algarve (CCMAR\/CIMAR LA), Campus de Gambelas, Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Parada","family":"Savino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andressa Raianny Silva","family":"Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro Henrique Gomes","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0202-2452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Guerra Lima","family":"Medeiros Borsagli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Engineering, Science and Technology, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri\/UFVJM, Av. 01, 4050 Cidade Universit\u00e1ria, Jana\u00faba 39440-039, MG, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1115-9282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Fonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"iBB\u2014Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. 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