{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T05:06:04Z","timestamp":1789189564187,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82172002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82472037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["82172002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82172002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82472037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82472037"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Malignant tumors are the second major disease threatening human health, and their early diagnosis can significantly improve patients\u2019 prognosis. [18F]FDG PET\/CT is currently the most important method in nuclear medicine for tumor diagnosis and staging. However, due to variations in the glucose uptake characteristics of tumors, some tumors with low FDG uptake (e.g., gastric mucinous adenocarcinoma and indolent lymphoma) are prone to false-negative results. Therefore, new tumor-specific imaging tracers are urgently needed. Due to the significant differences in target expression among various tumor cells, the method of focusing on a single target is unlikely to work for all tumors. Therefore, researchers are exploring the possibility of targeting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in the tumor microenvironment for imaging because this offers several advantages. First, unlike most tumors, which originate from epithelial cells, TAMs arise from monocyte\u2013macrophage polarization, leading to greater target specificity on their surfaces. Second, TAMs are the most abundant non-tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment, ensuring a certain level of expression abundance. Furthermore, numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials targeting TAMs with immunotherapy are currently underway, making the non-invasive assessment of certain TAM targets\u2019 expression levels a critical issue that needs to be addressed. This article summarizes the potential targets and nuclear medicine tracers for targeting TAMs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T08:07:41Z","timestamp":1789027661000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nuclear Medicine Tracers Targeting Tumor-Associated Macrophages"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3903-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dai","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6665-7505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wujian","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-0592-1435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yutao","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minqiang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2886-3273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dengfeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Research and Trial Center, Shanghai 201203, China"},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering & State Key Laboratory of Advanced Medical Materials and Devices, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China"},{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.25114","article-title":"PET imaging for assessing tumor response to therapy","volume":"118","author":"Mankoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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