{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T10:08:33Z","timestamp":1789034913921,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788998400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012511","name":"Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PIS-24-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIS-24-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012511","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PIS-24-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIS-24-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01gb99w41","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic ulcers are a major healthcare challenge due to their prolonged course, recurrence, persistent microbial colonization, and impaired tissue repair. This study developed sodium alginate\u2013collagen hydrogel dressings reinforced with cotton fabric and functionalized with green-synthesized copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) to combine exudate absorption with localized antibacterial activity. Methods: CuO NPs were synthesized using gallic acid and orange peel extract and evaluated for cytotoxicity and antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Sodium alginate\u2013collagen dressings containing different glycerin concentrations were assessed for swelling capacity, morphology, structural stability, and tensile performance. The formulation showing the best overall physicochemical and mechanical performance was selected for CuO NP functionalization and antibacterial evaluation by agar diffusion. Results: The selected 50GS-NPs-CuO formulation showed an IC50 of 79.9 \u00b5g\/mL. At 70 \u00b5g\/mL, CuO NPs produced significant time-dependent reductions in bacterial viability, reaching 96.6% for S. aureus and 91.44% for E. coli after 72 h. The dressing containing 2% sodium alginate, 0.5% collagen, and 2.5% glycerin exhibited the highest swelling capacity (476.82 \u00b1 3.80%) and tensile strength (148.7 \u00b1 5.5 N). CuO-functionalized dressings showed concentration-dependent antibacterial activity, with consistently greater inhibition against S. aureus than E. coli. Conclusions: The developed dressing integrates high fluid absorption, mechanical stability, and localized antibacterial activity, providing a promising platform for advanced chronic-wound management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:13:03Z","timestamp":1789031583000},"page":"1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Advanced Antibacterial Dressings for Chronic Ulcers: Alginate-Collagen-Cotton Hydrogel Composites Functionalized with Green CuO Nanoparticles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5394-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela E.","family":"Galarza-Ar\u00e9valo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Materiales, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-9863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Myriam P.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Materiales, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Valdiviezo-Abarca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Materiales, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1225-7140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mateo A.","family":"Salazar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Citogen\u00e9tica y Biomol\u00e9culas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina (CISeAL), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8269-7619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Debut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Nanociencia y Nanotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolqu\u00ed 171103, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9944-7130","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miryan R.","family":"Rivera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n en Citogen\u00e9tica y Biomol\u00e9culas de Anfibios (LICBA), Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n para la Salud en Am\u00e9rica Latina (CISeAL), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170143, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3524-3905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda P.","family":"Romero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Materiales, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Nacional, Quito 170525, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CD001180","article-title":"Therapeutic ultrasound for venous leg ulcers","volume":"2017","author":"Cullum","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00e1zaro-Mart\u00ednez, J.L., \u00c1lvaro-Afonso, F.J., Sevillano-Fern\u00e1ndez, D., Garc\u00eda-\u00e1lvarez, Y., Sanz-Corbalan, I., and Garc\u00eda-Morales, E. (2020). Cellular proliferation, dermal repair, and microbiological effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted wound debridement (UAW) versus standard wound treatment in complicated diabetic foot ulcers (DFU): An open-label randomized controlled trial. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9124032"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"32","article-title":"Demonstration of a microcurrent-generating wound care device for wound healing within a rehabilitation center patient population","volume":"4","author":"Whitcomb","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Clin. Wound Spec."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1070","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvsv.2023.05.005","article-title":"The effect of wound electrical stimulation in venous leg ulcer healing\u2014A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Borges","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Surg. Venous Lymphat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.12005","article-title":"A pilot study evaluating non-contact low-frequency ultrasound and underlying molecular mechanism on diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2053","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14071","article-title":"Activation of healing and reduction of pain by single-use automated microcurrent electrical stimulation therapy in patients with hard-to-heal wounds","volume":"20","author":"Kurz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.15544","article-title":"Hydrogel dressings for diabetic foot ulcer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Zhao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallanagoudra, P., MRamakrishna, S.S., Jaiswal, S., Keshava Prasanna, D., Seetharaman, R., Palaniappan, A., and Kini, S. (2025). Progressive Hydrogel Applications in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Management: Phase-Dependent Healing Strategies. Polymers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym17172303"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"tkae084","DOI":"10.1093\/burnst\/tkae084","article-title":"Hydrogel-based therapies for diabetic foot ulcers: Recent developments and clinical implications","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Burn. Trauma"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"11316","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial: Effects of Alginate Gel in the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers","volume":"10","author":"Xu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4145","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S330322","article-title":"Application progress of nano silver dressing in the treatment of diabetic foot","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113708","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113708","article-title":"Evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy of dressings with ZnO nanoparticles in the treatment of diabetic foot ulcers","volume":"155","author":"Neira","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.1279","article-title":"Changes in chemical composition and biological activity of essential oil from Thomson navel orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) peel under freezing, convective, vacuum, and microwave drying methods","volume":"8","author":"Farahmandfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"113","article-title":"Polifenoles totales y capacidad antioxidante en c\u00e1scara y hojas de doce c\u00edtricos","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Agropecu."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5331","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5331","article-title":"Phytochemical composition and in vitro antioxidant activities of Citrus sinensis peel extracts","volume":"6","author":"Liew","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4561","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-021-01028-z","article-title":"Comprehensive study on the antioxidant capacity and phenolic profiles of black seed and other spices and herbs: Effect of solvent and time of extraction","volume":"15","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Meas. Charact."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1007\/s10904-024-03169-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity of Gallic Acid\u2013Cu(II) Hybrid Nanoflowers and Gallic Acid\u2013Zn(II) Hybrid Nanoflowers","volume":"34","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. Mater."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radulescu, D.M., Neacsu, I.A., Vasile, B.S., Surdu, V.A., Oprea, O.C., Trusca, R.D., Chircov, C., Popescu, R.C., Ilie, C.-I., and Ditu, L.-M. (2025). Orange Peel-Mediated Green Synthesis of ZnO and CuO Nanoparticles: Evaluation for Antimicrobial Activity and Biocompatibility in Tissue Engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26188781"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"6","article-title":"Microwave-assisted and ultrasonic phyto-synthesis of copper nanoparticles: A comparison study","volume":"13","author":"Hadinejad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nano Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-90305-8","article-title":"Ultrasound-assisted green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles with different solution pH for water treatment","volume":"15","author":"Aliannezhadi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101593","article-title":"Comparison of collagen characteristic from the skin and swim bladder of Gulf corvina (Cynoscion othonopterus)","volume":"72","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msec.2018.04.101","article-title":"Synthesis of bioinspired collagen\/alginate\/fibrin based hydrogels for soft tissue engineering","volume":"91","author":"Montalbano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. C"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, Y., Yu, B., Zhu, Z., Yang, Z., and Shao, W. (2020). Synthesis of antibacterial gelatin\/sodium alginate sponges and their antibacterial activity. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12091926"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37952","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e37952","article-title":"Hydroentangled waste cotton non-woven based alginate hydrogel wound dressing for high wound exudates","volume":"10","author":"Ahmad","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mser.2024.100799","article-title":"Alginate-based materials: Enhancing properties through multiphase formulation design and processing innovation","volume":"159","author":"Xie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673362140250530094233","article-title":"Research Progress of Wound Dressing Based on Sodium Alginate Composite Hydrogel","volume":"33","author":"Zhou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"(2002). Test Methods for Primary Wound Dressings\u2014Part 1: Aspects of Absorbency (Standard No. EN 13726-1:2002)."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14861","DOI":"10.1111\/iwj.14861","article-title":"The importance of the simulated wound fluid composition and properties in the determination of the fluid handling performance of wound dressings","volume":"21","author":"Svensby","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aderibigbe, B.A., and Buyana, B. (2018). Alginate in wound dressings. Pharmaceutics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics10020042"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-021-06619-2","article-title":"Continuous and controllable electro-fabrication of antimicrobial copper-alginate dressing for infected wounds treatment","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrozi\u0144ska, Z., Ponczek, M., Kaczmarek, A., Bogu\u0144, M., Sulak, E., and Kudzin, M.H. (2023). Blood Coagulation Activities of Cotton\u2013Alginate\u2013Copper Composites. Mar. Drugs, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/md21120625"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"2","article-title":"Propiedades \u00f3pticas de nanopart\u00edculas de \u00f3xidos met\u00e1licos: Estudio de NP de CuO y mediante MnO2 UV-Vis","volume":"21","author":"Jimenez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. EIA"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"309","article-title":"Composici\u00f3n qu\u00edmica y FTIR de extractos etan\u00f3licos de Larrea tridentata, Origanum vulgare, Artemisa ludoviciana y Ruta graveolens","volume":"52","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agrociencia"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.56499\/jppres15.073_3.2.49","article-title":"Cuantificaci\u00f3n de polifenoles y actividad antioxidante en extractos de c\u00e1scaras de Citrus x sinensis ecotipo Pica","volume":"3","author":"Flores","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacogn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15870","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15870","article-title":"Optimization conditions of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic compounds from orange peels using response surface methodology","volume":"45","author":"Shehata","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Process Preserv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16680","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73497-z","article-title":"Fabrication of monodispersed copper oxide nanoparticles with potential application as antimicrobial agents","volume":"10","author":"Bezza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arabjc.2022.104117","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of CuO nanoparticles utilizing waste fish scale and exploitation of XRD peak profile analysis for approximating the structural parameters","volume":"15","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arab. J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-10700-z","article-title":"Biosynthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles from Plumbago zeylanica leaf extract for antibacterial and antioxidant activities","volume":"15","author":"Gebrie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luneva, O., Olekhnovich, R., and Uspenskaya, M. (2022). Bilayer Hydrogels for Wound Dressing and Tissue Engineering. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14153135"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfda.2013.11.001","article-title":"Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica","volume":"22","author":"Do","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Drug Anal."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2021.05.001","article-title":"Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities and UPLC-ESI-MS\/MS polyphenolic profile of sweet orange peel extracts","volume":"4","author":"Shehata","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miera BSde Ca\u00f1adas, R., Gonz\u00e1lez-Miquel, M., and Gonz\u00e1lez, E.J. (2023). Recovery of Phenolic Compounds from Orange Peel Waste by Conventional and Assisted Extraction Techniques Using Sustainable Solvents. Front. Biosci.-Elite, 15.","DOI":"10.31083\/j.fbe1504030"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Extraction of phenolic compounds from dry and fermented orange pomace using supercritical CO2 and cosolvents","volume":"101","author":"Nakajima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Bioprod. Process."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox4030498","article-title":"HPLC-DAD phenolic characterization and antioxidant activities of ripe and unripe sweet orange peels","volume":"4","author":"Omoba","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2019.111557","article-title":"Biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles and their potential synergistic effect on alloxan induced oxidative stress conditions during cardiac injury in Sprague\u2013Dawley rats","volume":"198","author":"Jing","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2012.07.096","article-title":"Aloe barbadensis Miller mediated green synthesis of mono-disperse copper oxide nanoparticles: Optical properties","volume":"97","author":"Gunalan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceramint.2013.04.055","article-title":"Green sonochemical synthesis of cupric and cuprous oxides nanoparticles and their optical properties","volume":"39","author":"Shui","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ceram. Int."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.22159\/ijap.2020v12i1.36271","article-title":"Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of cuo nanoparticles","volume":"12","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senthilkumar, V., Ilavenil, K.K., Kasthuri, A., and Pandian, P. (2024, January 7\u20138). Green Grape Seed Extract-Mediated Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles: Characterization and Enhanced Antibacterial Activity. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bio-Based Environment for Sustainable Territory (ICBEST 2024), Rajahmundry, India.","DOI":"10.2991\/978-94-6463-648-2_3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tshireletso, P., Ateba, C.N., and Fayemi, O.E. (2021). Spectroscopic and antibacterial properties of CuONPs from orange, lemon and tangerine peel extracts: Potential for combating bacterial resistance. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26030586"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hybadv.2024.100250","article-title":"Synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) via coprecipitation method: Tailoring structural and optical properties of CuO nanoparticles for optoelectronic device applications","volume":"6","author":"Ali","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hybrid Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.31788\/RJC.2021.1446512","article-title":"Synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles using rambutan peel extract via greener route","volume":"14","author":"Ragunath","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rasayan J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eid, A.M., Fouda, A., Hassan, S.E.D., Hamza, M.F., Alharbi, N.K., Elkelish, A., Alharthi, A., and Salem, W.M. (2023). Plant-Based Copper Oxide Nanoparticles; Biosynthesis, Characterization, Antibacterial Activity, Tanning Wastewater Treatment, and Heavy Metals Sorption. Catalysts, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal13020348"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6343","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC105.63436353","article-title":"Green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles and its application on toxicology evaluation","volume":"10","author":"Jayakodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, U., Khan, M.E., Mohammad, A., Hasan, N., Alamri, A.A., and Sharma, M. (2025). Sustainable Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Data-Driven Photocatalysis, Pt-Free Hydrogen Production, and Antibacterial Assessment. Catalysts, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/catal15121163"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalaf, H.Y., Nasr FBen Noomi, B.S., Mnif, S., and Aifa, S. (2025). Assessing the Efficacy of Chemical and Green-Synthesized CuO Nanoparticles in Combatting Clinical Candida Species: A Comparative Study. Microbiol. Res., 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres16080178"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10193","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.4c09064","article-title":"Synthesis and Characterization of CuO Nanoparticles from Bioleached Copper through Modified and Optimized Double Precipitation Method","volume":"10","author":"John","year":"2025","journal-title":"ACS Omega"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25158","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA04978A","article-title":"Hydrothermal synthesis, characterization and enhanced photocatalytic activity and toxicity studies of a rhombohedral Fe2O3 nanomaterial","volume":"9","author":"Abhilash","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gudkov, S.V., Burmistrov, D.E., Fomina, P.A., Validov, S.Z., and Kozlov, V.A. (2024). Antibacterial Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (Review). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252111563"},{"key":"ref_60","first-page":"16","article-title":"Antimicrobial action and chemical and physical properties of CuO-doped engineered cementitious composites","volume":"13","author":"Klapiszewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flores-R\u00e1bago, K.M., Rivera-Mendoza, D., Vilchis-Nestor, A.R., Juarez-Moreno, K., and Castro-Longoria, E. (2023). Antibacterial Activity of Biosynthesized Copper Oxide Nanoparticles (CuONPs) Using Ganoderma sessile. Antibiotics, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202307.0734.v1"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Talebian, S., Shahnavaz, B., Nejabat, M., Abolhassani, Y., and Rassouli, F.B. (2023). Bacterial-mediated synthesis and characterization of copper oxide nanoparticles with antibacterial, antioxidant, and anticancer potentials. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1140010"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eslami, Z., Elkoun, S., Robert, M., and Adjall\u00e9, K. (2023). A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28186637"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Azevedo, F.F., Cantarutti, T.A., Remiro Pde, F.R., Barbieri, B., Azoubel, R.A., Nagahara, M.H.T., Moraes, \u00c2.M., and Lima, M.H.M. (2022). Histological and Molecular Evidence of the Positive Performance of Glycerol-Plasticized Chitosan-Alginate Membranes on Skin Lesions of Hyperglycemic Mice. Polymers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14214754"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.35530\/IT.073.01.202133","article-title":"Development and study of textile-based hydrogel wound dressing material","volume":"73","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ind. Textila"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fasulo, A., Towie, C., Mouchiroud, L., Malik, H., Foucher, D., and Sacripante, G. (2025). Enhancing the Properties of Sodium Alginate with a Glycerol\u2013Silicate Plasticizer. Polysaccharides, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/polysaccharides6010020"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1450","DOI":"10.3762\/bjnano.11.129","article-title":"Antimicrobial metal-based nanoparticles: A review on their synthesis, types and antimicrobial action","volume":"11","author":"Correa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Nanotechnol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04120-2","article-title":"Potential Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles: Time-Kill Kinetic Essay and Ultrastructure of Pathogenic Bacterial Cells","volume":"195","author":"Shehabeldine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18617","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.3c00492","article-title":"Facile Process for the Development of Antiviral Cotton Fabrics with Nano-Embossed Copper Oxide","volume":"8","author":"Hussain","year":"2023","journal-title":"ACS Omega"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:21:27Z","timestamp":1789032087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1999-4923\/18\/9\/1139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["pharmaceutics18091139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091139","relation":{},"ISSN":["1999-4923"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1999-4923","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]}}}