{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:04:48Z","timestamp":1789383888993,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":334,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceutics"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoparticles have gained considerable attention as important platforms in pharmaceutical and biomedical research due to their size, morphology, surface chemistry, and colloidal behavior, which can affect drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, diagnostics, imaging, and therapeutic performance. However, conventional chemical and physical synthesis routes may require hazardous reagents, high energy demands, and procedures that raise environmental, safety, and scalability concerns. In this context, biologically mediated synthesis has emerged as an approach in which plants, microorganisms, including fungi and algae, and isolated biomolecules contribute to nanoparticle formation by acting as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. This narrative review evaluates these routes as potential green strategies, covering formation principles, biological sources, nanoparticle classes, characterization challenges, pharmaceutical applications, comparison with conventional synthesis, and limitations. The reviewed evidence indicates that the composition of biological sources and reaction conditions can shape nanoparticle size, morphology, surface chemistry, stability, and biological activity, highlighting green synthesis as a design-dependent process rather than a simple substitute for chemical reducing agents. Integrated characterization using optical, spectroscopic, diffraction, microscopic, and colloidal techniques is essential for interpreting nanoparticle identity and reproducibility. Biologically mediated nanoparticles show experimental and preclinical potential in drug delivery, antimicrobial therapy, anticancer research, biosensing, imaging, and diagnostics; however, most evidence remains preclinical and model-dependent. Translation remains limited by source variability, batch inconsistency, scale-up and purification challenges, stability, incomplete safety evidence, and regulatory uncertainty. Progress will require standardized process control, comparative life cycle and techno-economic assessment, scalable manufacturing, and rigorous pharmacokinetic, biodistribution, toxicological, and regulatory validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics18091151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"1151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Biologically Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis as a Potential Green Strategy: Principles, Methods, and Pharmaceutical Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8002-6693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud M.","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr University for Science and Technology, 6th of October City 12566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9722-4274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahma Wael","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan, Cairo 11795, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-1678-2678","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jassy","family":"Salim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Modern University for Technology and Information, Mokattam, Cairo 11571, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7405-5108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shrouk Khaled","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1785-359X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lobna","family":"Abdelsalam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo (GUC), New Cairo 11835, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2522-8082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Abdelmonem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Industrial Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City 12566, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph, T.M., Mahapatra, D.K., Esmaeili, A., Piszczyk, \u0141., Hasanin, M.S., Kattali, M., Haponiuk, J., and Thomas, S. 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